Table 3. Antihypertensive and potential antihypertensive peptides generated by fermentation by Bifidobacterium longum KACC 91563 after 24 h at 37℃.
| Sequence | Fragment | Source | Proteolytic agent | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Bioactive peptides clearly identified in the literature | ||||
| LNVPGEIVE | β-CN(f6-14) | milk | Lb. bulgaricus | Gobbetti et al., 2000 |
| DKIHPF | β-CN(f47-52) | milk | L. lactis subsp. cremoris | Gobbetti et al., 2000 |
| LVYPFP | β-CN(f58-63) | milk | B. bifidum | Gonzalez-Gonzalez et al., 2013 |
| NIPPLTQTPV | β-CN(f73-82) | milk | Lb. bulgaricus | Gobbetti et al., 2000 |
| EMPFPK | β-CN(f108-113) | casein | milk starter+pepsin and trypsin | Pihlanto-Leppälä et al., 1998 |
| HLPLPLL | β-CN(f134-140) | casein | pepsin | Del Mar Contreras et al., 2009 |
| SQSKVLPVPQ | β-CN(f166-175) | sodium caseinate | Lb. animalis | Hayes et al., 2007a |
| SKVLPVPQ | β-CN(f168-175) | β-casein | protease of Lb.helveticus | Yamamoto et al., 1994 |
| KVLPVPQ | β-CN(f169-175) | β-casein | protease of Lb.helveticus | Maeno et al., 1996 |
| RDMPIQAF | β-CN(f183-190) | β-casein | protease of Lb.helveticus | Yamamoto et al., 1994 |
| LLYQEPVLGPVRGPFPIIV | β-CN(f191-209) | β-casein | protease of Lb.helveticus | Yamamoto et al., 1994 |
| YQEPVL | β-CN(f193-198) | casein | milk starter +pepsin and trypsin | Pihlanto-Leppälä et al., 1998 |
| YQEPVLGPVR | β-CN(f193-202) | milk | Lb casei ssp. rhamnosus | Rokka et al., 1997 |
| YQEPVLGPVRGPFPI | β-CN(f193-208) | casein | trypsin | Maruyama and Suzuki, 1982 |
| YQEPVLGPVRGPFPIIVa, | β-CN(f193-209) | β-casein | protease of Lb.helveticus | Yamamoto et al., 1994 |
| QEPVLGPVRGPFPIIVa, | β-CN(f194-209) | milk | L. lactis + chymosin/trypsin/chymotrypsin | Gobbetti et al., 2002 |
| GPVRGPFPIIVa, | β-CN(f199-209) | Manchego cheese | protease in Manchego | Gomez-Ruiz et al., 2002 |
| AVPYPQR | β-CN(f176-182) | milk | lactic acid bacterias | Hernandez-Ledesma et al., 2004 |
| YQEP | β-CN(f191-198) | Gouda cheese | Proteases from Cynara cardunculus | Silva et al., 2006 |
| GPFPIIV | β-CN(f203-209) | milk | protease of Lb.helveticus | Yamamoto et al., 1994; |
| Hayes et al., 2007b | ||||
| RPKHPIKHQ | αs1-CN(f1-9) | Gouda cheese | Proteases from Cynara cardunculus | Silva et al., 2006 |
| FF | αs1-CN(f23-24) | casein | trypsin | Maruyama and Suzuki, 1982 |
| FFVAP | αs1-CN(f23-27) | casein | trypsin | Maruyama and Suzuki, 1982 |
| FFVAPFPEVFGK | αs1-CN(f23-34) | sodium caseinate | Lb. animalis | Hayes et al., 2007a |
| YKVPQL | αs1-CN(f104-109) | αs1-casein | protease of Lb.helveticus | Maeno et al., 1996 |
| LAYFYP | αs1-CN(f142-147) | casein | milk starter +pepsin and trypsin | Pihlanto-Leppälä et al., 1998 |
| DAYPSGAW | αs1-CN(f157-164) | casein | milk starter +pepsin and trypsin | Pihlanto-Leppälä et al., 1998 |
| TTMPLW | αs1-CN(f194-199) | casein | trypsin | Maruyama and Suzuki, 1982; |
| Pihlanto-Leppälä et al., 1998 | ||||
| FALPQYLK | αs2-CN(f174-181) | αs2-casein | trypsin | Tauzin et al., 2002 |
| AMKPWIQPK | αs2-CN(f189-197) | αs2-casein | protease of Lb.helveticus | Maeno et al., 1996 |
| MKPWIQPK | αs2-CN(f190-197) | αs2-casein | protease of Lb.helveticus | Maeno et al., 1996 |
| TKVIP | αs2-CN(f198-202) | αs2-casein | protease of Lb.helveticus | Maeno et al., 1996 |
| B. Potential ACE inhibitory peptides | ||||
| Sequence | Fragment | Present studya | References | |
| LNVPGEIVE | β-CN(f6-14) | f1-14, RELEELNVPGEIVE | Gobbetti et al., 2000 | |
| YQEPVLGPVR | β-CN(f193-202) | f193-206, YQEPVLGPVRGPFP | Rokka et al., 1997 | |
| GPVRGPFPIIV | β-CN(f199-209) | f195-209, EPVLGPVRGPFPIIV | Gomez-Ruiz et al., 2002 | |
| β-CN(f199-209) | f196-209, PVLGPVRGPFPIIV | |||
| β-CN(f199-209) | f197-209, VLGPVRGPFPIIV | |||
| β-CN(f199-209) | f198-209, LGPVRGPFPIIV | |||
| TTMPLW | αs1-CN(f194-199) | f176-199, APSFSDIPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW | Maruyama and Suzuki, 1982; | |
| Pihlanto-Leppälä et al., 1998 | ||||
| αs1-CN(f194-199) | f178-199, SFSDIPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW | |||
| αs1-CN(f194-199) | f179-199, FSDIPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW | |||
| αs1-CN(f194-199) | f180-199, SDIPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW | |||
| αs1-CN(f194-199) | f181-199, DIPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW | |||
| αs1-CN(f194-199) | f182-199, IPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW | |||
| αs1-CN(f194-199) | f185-199, PIGSENSEKTTMPLW | |||
| αs1-CN(f194-199) | f186-199, IGSENSEKTTMPLW | |||
| αs1-CN(f194-199) | f188-199, SENSEKTTMPLW | |||
aPeptides obtained from the fermentates in milk with B. longum in the present study.