Figure 3.

Effect of PA on TNF-α-induced intracellular ROS generation in HUVECs. HUVECs were treated with PA (0.15, 0.45 and 1.35 mM) for 30 min before treatment with TNF-α (2 ng/ml) for 15 min; ROS were quantitatively analyzed. The data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. *P<0.05, vs. the TNF-α-stimulated cells in the absence of PA. PA, protocatechuic aldehyde; FN, fibronectin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; ROS, reactive oxygen species; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells.