Figure 2.

Differences between the estimated marginal means (with age and education as covariates) on neuropsychological measures of depressed and non-depressed participants in each of the three groups. When we compared depressed and non-depressed participants in each group, we found significant differences only in NA participants. In this group, participants with clinically significant symptoms of depression showed lower performance in Executive Functions (p < 0.001, η_p² = 0.37), Episodic Memory (p < 0.001, η_p² = 0.21), Language/Semantic Memory (p < 0.001, ${\eta }_p^2$ = 0.14), and Visuospatial Abilities (p = 0.001, η_p² = 0.12). Effect sizes from MCI and AD patients ranged from ^*p < 0.01 to 0.03.