Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of 309 participants with longstanding type 1 diabetes
| Characteristic | Total (n = 309) | Primary prevention (n = 204) | Secondary prevention (n = 105) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age (year) | 65.7 ± 8.5 | 64.3 ± 8.3 | 68.5 ± 8.3 | <0.001* |
| Duration of diabetes (year) | 54.0 [51.0, 59.0] | 53.0 [50.0, 57.0] | 57.0 [52.5, 60.5] | <0.001* |
| Male [n (%)] | 137 (44.5 %) | 82 (40.4 %) | 55 (52.4 %) | 0.045* |
| Non-caucasian [n (%)] | 13 (4.2 %) | 10 (5 %) | 3 (2.9 %) | 0.40 |
| Father’s age at death (year) | 76.0 [66.0, 85.0] | 76.0 [66.0,85.0] | 76.5 [63.5, 84.3] | 0.66 |
| Mother’s age at death (year) | 85.0 [77.0, 90.0] | 85.0 [76.0,90.0] | 84.5 [78.3, 90.0] | 0.91 |
| Parent with CVD [n (%)] | 171 (56.4 %) | 106 (53.3 %) | 65 (62.5 %) | 0.12 |
| Sibling with CVD [n (%)] | 68 (23.7 %) | 38 (20.4 %) | 30 (29.7 %) | 0.08 |
| Clinical | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 [23.0, 28.2] | 24.9 [23.0,27.5] | 25.7 [22.8, 29.1] | 0.33 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 128.8 ± 14.9 | 128.7 ± 14.6 | 129.0 ± 15.7 | 0.91 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 67.4 ± 8.9 | 67.8 ± 8.8 | 66.5 ± 9.1 | 0.37 |
| History of hypertension [n (%)] | 182 (60.3 %) | 111 (56.1 %) | 71 (68.3 %) | 0.04* |
| Laboratory | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.5 ± 1.1 (58 mmol/mol) | 7.4 ± 1.1 (57 mmol/mol) | 7.7 ± 1.1 (61 mmol/mol) | 0.04* |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 4.24 ± 0.92 | 3.95 ± 0.86 | 0.02* |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.80 [0.60, 1.05] | 0.77 [0.60, 1.00] | 0.83 [0.66, 1.23] | 0.04* |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.79 ± 0.52 | 1.58 ± 0.49 | 0.002* |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 2.06 ± 0.70 | 1.92 ± 0.65 | 0.10 |
| Complications | ||||
| Diabetic retinopathy [n (%)]a | 193 (71.5 %) | 116 (64.4 %) | 77 (85.6 %) | <0.001* |
| Neuropathy (MNSI ≥3) [n(%)] | 130 (42.3 %) | 71 (34.8 %) | 59 (57.3 %) | <0.001* |
| Nephropathy [n (%)]b | 110 (38.6 %) | 59 (31.7 %) | 51 (51.5 %) | 0.001* |
| Medications | ||||
| ASA [n (%)] | 177 (58.0 %) | 95 (47.5 %) | 82 (78.1 %) | <0.001* |
| Statin [n (%)] | 220 (72.1 %) | 131 (65.5 %) | 89 (84.8 %) | <0.001* |
| Ezetimibe [n (%)] | 23 (7.5 %) | 10 (5 %) | 13 (12.4 %) | 0.02* |
| Fibrate [n (%)] | 1 (0.3 %) | 1 (0.5 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 0.47 |
| RAS inhibitor [n (%)]c | 218 (71.5 %) | 141 (70.5 %) | 77 (73.3 %) | 0.60 |
| ARB [n (%)] | 92 (30.2 %) | 55 (27.5 %) | 37 (35.2 %) | 0.16 |
| ACEi [n (%)] | 132 (43.3 %) | 90 (45.0 %) | 42 (40.0 %) | 0.40 |
Data presented as mean ± SD, median [IQR], or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Percentages were calculated from available data. P values for comparison were calculated using the student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, or the χ2-test depending on variable distribution
MNSI Michigan neuropathy screening instrument, BP blood pressure; HbA1C glycated hemoglobin A1C, ASA acetylsalicylic acid, RAS renin-angiotensin system, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, ACEi angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor
aRetinopathy as determined by most recent fundoscopy examination results
bNephropathy defined by age-adjusted GFR <60 ml/min and/or ACR ≥2 mg/mmol
cRASi includes usage of at least one of ARB and ACEi
* Statistically significant p < 0.05