Table 3.

Risk of mortality among neonates and children living in homes using solid fuels versus clean fuels by geographic region

Neonatal mortality	Child mortality
RR*	95% CI	p-value	RR*	95% CI	p-value
Unadjusted
Americas
1·31	(1·16, 1·47)	< 0·001	2·35	(2·09, 2·64)	< 0·001
Asia
2·18	(1·97, 2·40)	< 0·001	2·82	(2·51, 3·16)	< 0·001
North Africa and Europe
0·59	(0·37, 0·95)	0·030	1·27	(0·90, 1·78)	0·171
Sub-Saharan Africa
1·50	(1·34, 1·69)	< 0·001	2·31	(2·10, 2·53)	< 0·001
All study regions
1·95	(1·85, 2·06)	< 0·001	3·97	(3·77, 4·18)	< 0·001
Adjusted†
Americas
1·20	(1·01, 1·44)	0·040	1·41	(1·18, 1·69)	< 0·001
Asia
1·28	(1·10, 1·49)	0·001	1·14	(0·97, 1·34)	0·105
North Africa and Europe
0·77	(0·44, 1·37)	0·377	1·41	(0·89, 2·23)	0·147
Sub-Saharan Africa
1·06	(0·92, 1·21)	0·430	1·02	(0·92, 1·13)	0·713
All study regions
1·24	(1·14, 1·34)	< 0·001	1·21	(1·12, 1·30)	< 0·001

^*Relative risks, where values greater than 1 indicate increased risk among polluting fuel users.

^†Adjusted for maternal education, mother's age at birth, if the mother smokes cigarettes, birth order, sex of child, wealth index, urban vs. rural residence, and country of residence.