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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 26.

Published in final edited form as: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2013 Jul 9;56(5):1539–1551. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0030)

Quantified (a) and descriptive (b) articulatory vowel spaces, and (c) acoustic vowel space including eight major English vowels, picture in panel (b) adapted from A course in phonetics (p. 34), by P. Ladefoged & Johnson, 2011. (6^th ed.) Independence, KY: Cengage Learning. Dimensions in panel (a) are the results of the MDS solution. See Appendix for the formant values in panel (c).

Quantified (a) and descriptive (b) articulatory vowel spaces, and (c) acoustic vowel space including eight major English vowels, picture in panel (b) adapted from A course in phonetics (p. 34), by P. Ladefoged & Johnson, 2011. (6^th ed.) Independence, KY: Cengage Learning. Dimensions in panel (a) are the results of the MDS solution. See Appendix for the formant values in panel (c).