Table 1. Baseline simulation design for LMIC and variations.

Scenario	Description of baseline simulation design	Factors we varied
a	Define a sample size (number of DMUs)	Number of DMUs
b, c	Simulate inputs, x1 ∼ unif(0,5), x2 ∼ unif(0, 10), x3 ∼ unif(0, 8)	Correlation between inputs and fixed inputs
d	Simulate measurement error, $v_i\sim N\left(0,{\sigma }_v^2\right)$	Type and variation of measurement error
e	Simulate efficiency, θi ∼ unif(0,1)	Distribution and variation of efficiency
f	Define a production function f(.) to represent how the input vector x is transformed into output vector y, e.g.: y = f (x).	Production function f(.)