Table 4. Synergistic effects of early life factors and participants’ current smoking status with regard to lung function decline.
| Adjusted difference in FEV1 decline† | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early life exposure | in ml ‡ | CI 95% | p-value | ||
| maternal age >31 yrs. | participant smoking | ||||
| No | No | Ref. | |||
| Yes | No | -0.44 | -1.92 | 1.04 | 0.559 |
| No | Yes | -1.21 | -2.87 | 0.44 | 0.150 |
| Yes | Yes | -4.20 | -6.44 | -1.97 | 0.000 |
| maternal smoking | participant smoking | ||||
| No | No | Ref. | |||
| Yes | No | -1.75 | -3.55 | 0.04 | 0.056 |
| No | Yes | -1.82 | -3.38 | -0.25 | 0.023 |
| Yes | Yes | -4.44 | -7.04 | -1.85 | 0.001 |
† Change in FEV1 (ml) by follow up year—a negative coefficient implies more rapid FEV1 decline and a positive coefficient implies less rapid decline.
‡ Estimates from mixed-effects linear regression, mutually adjusted for all other early life factors and for sex, mid age, mid age square, mid BMI, change in BMI (between survey 1 and 2), height, age at highest education, pack-years, European region (random effect).
CI = Confidence Interval