Table 2. Baseline characteristics of prospective studies of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and incident type 2 diabetes.

Study	Study design/Follow-up, y	Country	Mean age (SD); % Women; Ethnicity	No. of cases/controls	Case ascertainment	Assay method	Adjustment
Festa et al. (2002)9	Prospective cohort/5.2	U.S.A.	56.0 (7.8) for cases, 54.6 (8.5) for controls; 43.5%; White, black, Hispanic	144/903	A standard 75-g OGTT was performed, and glucose tolerance status was based on the World Health Organization criteria	Citrated plasma using a two-site immunoassay	Age, sex, clinical center, smoking, ethnicity, SI, BMI, family history of diabetes, physical activity
Eliasson et al. (2003)10	Prospective cohort/9	Sweden	51.9 (8.7) for cases, 44.9 (10.9) for controls; 40.3%; European	15/ 536	Fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L and/or post load glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L or self-report of diabetes diagnosis	Chromogenic assay	Age, sex, waist, DBP, fasting insulin, triglycerides
Kanaya et al. (2006)12	Prospective cohort/5	U.S.A.	73.0 (3.0) for cases, 74.0 (3.0) for controls; 53.4%; 38.4% black, 61.6% white	143/ 2213	Self-report of a new diabetes diagnosis, use of a diabetes medication, or fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL	Citrated plasma samples using a 2-site ELISA	Age, sex, race, BMI, visceral fat, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, hypertension, leptin, adiponectin
Davidson et al. (2006)24	Prospective cohort/4	U.S.A.	N/A; N/A; American Indian	137/ 1079	Treatment with insulin or oral glucose-lowering agents, or fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L	Immunoassay	Age, sex, study center, waist, CRP, fibrinogen, triglyceride, SBP, insulin
Meigs et al. (2006)23	Prospective cohort/7	U.S.A.	54 (10.9); 54.4%; Primarily white	153/ 2771	Fasting plasma glucose level ≥7.0 mmol/l or use of hypoglycemic drug therapy	ELISA-method	aSex, physical activity, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, smoking, parental history of diabetes, BP, IFG/IGT, use of exogenous estrogen, alcohol, aspirin or NSAIDs, BP therapy, WC, HOMA-IR, CRP
Stranges et al. (2008)27	Nested case-control/5.9	U.S.A.	58.13 (10.59) for cases, 59.83 (10.48) for controls; 47.5%; Mainly white	54/ 151	Diagnosed by their physician and taking antidiabetic medications, or fasting glucose > 125 mg/dl	Two-site ELISA	Age, gender, race/ ethnicity, year of baseline visit, baseline fasting glucose (<110 or 110–125 mg/dL)
Alessi et al. (2011)21	Nested Case-control/9	France	50.6 (9.0) for cases, 50.6 (8.9) for controls; N/A; European	182/ 363	Fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or self-reported taking drugs for diabetes	EDTA plasma, using an immune-reactivity assay.	Age, sex, insulin, CRP, BMI, vitronectin
Hernestal-Boman et al. (2012)22	Nested case-control/5.5	Sweden	50.5 (8.1) for cases, 50.2 (8.3) for controls; 43.3% European	152/ 260	Diabetic patients were defined by FPG and OGTT according to World Health Organisation criteria 1999 or self-report of diagnosis	ELISA-assay	Age, sex, year of health exam, BMI, smoking, family history of T2D, physical activity, CRP, SBP, triglycerides, fasting glucose, 2 hour capillary glucose

SBP, systolic blood pressure. DBP, diastolic blood pressure. NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. S_I, insulin sensitivity index. vWF, von Willebrand factor. FPG, fasting plasma glucose. ^aFor sub-group analyses by baseline glucose tolerance status (Fig. 3), Meigs et al. adjusted for the following covariates only: age, sex, physical activity, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride level, smoking, parental history of diabetes, blood pressure level, IFG/IGT, and use of exogenous estrogen, alcohol, aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and blood pressure therapy