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. 2015 Dec 23;8(1):3. doi: 10.3390/toxins8010003

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Kinetics of TNF-alpha measured in (a) portal and (b) jugular blood samples. Control-infused groups showed consistently unchanged TNF-alpha values of 0.4 ng/mL ± 0.03 during the entire experimental period. LPS-infusion elicited a strong increase of the cytokine with peak-values at 60 min, irrespective of dietary treatment or site of infusion. Data represent LSmeans (PSEM±) and statistical main effects were distributed as followed: p_group < 0.001, p_{sampling site} = 0.46, p_time < 0.001, p_{group × sampling site × time} < 0.001.