Table 1.
Demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics of the population.
| Variables | Overweight/Obese (OO) (n = 80) | Metabolic Syndrome (MS) (n = 58) | T2 Diabetes (T2DM) (n = 34) | P ANOVA | p Post-Hoc Analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females (%) | 31.3 | 34.5 | 35.3 | 0.63 | / |
| Age (years) | 56 ± 10 | 58 ± 9 | 62 ± 10 | 0.016 | OO vs. T2DM 0.004 |
| Weight (Kg) | 83 ± 17 | 87 ± 21 | 85 ± 20 | 0.505 | / |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 33 ± 6 | 34 ± 7 | 34 ± 6 | 0.514 | / |
| WC (cm) | 102 ± 14 | 106 ± 15 | 108 ± 13 | 0.120 | / |
| HC (cm) | 109 ± 15 | 110 ± 12 | 110 ± 11 | 0.905 | / |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122 ± 11 | 133 ± 15 | 130 ± 13 | <0.001 | OO vs. MS < 0.001 |
| OO vs. T2DM 0.003 | |||||
| DBP (mmHg) | 78 ± 8 | 80 ± 11 | 77 ± 9 | 0.161 | / |
| Glucose-mg/dL (mmol/L) | 91 ± 9 (5.06 ± 0.5) | 100 ± 10 (5.56 ± 0.5) | 130 ± 45 (7.22 ± 2.5) | <0.001 | OO vs. MS 0.019 |
| OO vs. T2DM < 0.001 | |||||
| MS vs. T2DM < 0.001 | |||||
| Insulin-mU/L (pmol/L) | 16 ± 8 (114.7 ± 57) | 23 ± 20 (164.9 ± 143) | 35 ± 26 (250.9 ± 186) | 0.039 | OO vs. T2D 0.012 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.7 ± 2 | 6 ± 5 | 12 ± 11 | 0.004 | OO vs. T2DM 0.001 |
| MS vs. T2DM 0.017 | |||||
| TotCholesterol-mg/dL (mmol/L) | 199 ± 38 (5.14 ± 0.98) | 213 ± 42 (5.5 ± 1.09) | 195 ± 47 (5.04 ± 1.2) | 0.055 | OO vs. MS 0.042 |
| MS vs. T2DM 0.037 | |||||
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.52 ± 0.41 | 1.16 ± 0.36 | 1.37 ± 0.44 | <0.001 | OO vs. MS < 0.001 |
| OO vs. T2DM 0.017 | |||||
| MS vs. T2DM 0.046 | |||||
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.18 ± 0.83 | 3.39 ± 0.96 | 2.97 ± 1.06 | 0.141 | / |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 91 ± 28 (1.03 ± 0.32) | 201 ± 81 (2.27 ± 0.91) | 151 ± 85 (1.70 ± 0.96) | <0.001 | OO vs. MS < 0.001 |
| OO vs. T2D < 0.001 | |||||
| MS vs. T2D < 0.001 | |||||
| Prevalence | |||||
| Hypertension (%) | 12 | 26 | 52 | 0.001 | / |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 19 | 29 | 30 | 0.129 | / |
| Smokers (%) | 38 | 46 | 24 | 0.390 | / |
| Antidiabetic agents (%) | 0 | 0 | 56 | <0.001 | / |
| Antihypertensive agents (%) | 0 | 0 | 56 | <0.001 | / |
| Lipid lowering agents (%) | 0 | 0 | 44 | <0.001 | / |
Legend: BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HC, hip circumferences; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HOMA IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; LDL, low density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; Tot Cholesterol, total cholesterol; WC, Waist circumferences.