Table 2.
Reported circulating concentrations of vitamin K in population- or clinic-based individuals not taking vitamin K supplements (Data are mean ± SD, unless otherwise indicated.).
| Participants | Region | Phylloquinone | Menaquinone | Fasted | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post-menopausal women: generally healthy, 52–93 years (n = 23) | Japan | 0.22 ± 0.32 nM d | MK4: 0.02 ± 0.001 nM d; MK7: 0.54 ± 1.00 nM d | not specified | [57] |
| with hip or vertebral fracture history, 66–93 years (n = 51) | Japan | 0.21 ± 0.18 nM d | MK4: non-detectable d; MK7: 0.66 ± 1.00 nM d | not specified | |
| Pre-menopausal women generally healthy, 30–49 years (n = 52) | Nagano, Japan | 0.68 ± 0.45 nM d | MK4: 0.03 ± 0.06 nM d; MK7: 2.23 ± 3.12 nM d | yes | [58] |
| Post-menopausal women generally healthy, 50–80 years (n = 344) | 0.70 ± 0.53 nM d | MK4: 0.05 ± 0.08 nM d; MK7: 3.04 ± 4.32 nM d | yes | ||
| Post-menopausal women: normal BMD, 54 ± 0.8 years (n = 52) | Osaka, Japan | 0.29 ± 0.03 nM d | MK7: 2.44 ± 0.15 nM d | yes | [59] |
| low BMD, 55 ± 1.3 years, (n = 19) | 0.18 ± 0.02 nM d | MK7 1.67 ± 0.07 nM d | yes | ||
| Post-menopausal women | Tokyo, Japan (n = 49; 50–84 years) | 0.33 ± 0.21 nM d | MK7: 2.37 ± 2.75 nM d | yes | [51] |
| Hiroshima, Japan (n = 25; 51–66 years) | 0.33 ± 0.26 nM d | MK7: 0.55 ± 0.83 nM d | yes | ||
| London & Nottingham, United Kingdom (n = 31; 48–84 years) | 0.23 ± 0.24 nM d | MK7: 0.17 ± 0.09 nM d | yes | ||
| Older men, nursing home residents: normal BMD, 74 ± 10 years (n = 15) | Japan | 0.85 ± 0.73 nM | MK7: 1.44 ± 0.85 nM | [60] | |
| low BMD, 74 ± 11 years (n = 12) | 0.60 ± 0.73 nM | MK7: 0.71 ± 0.35 nM | |||
| Free living older adults: men, ≥65 years (n = 385) | Great Britain | 0.34 (0.06–1.84) nM a | NR | yes | [61] |
| women, ≥65 years (n = 493) | 0.37(0.06–2.06) nM a | NR | |||
| Institution-living older adults; men, ≥65 years (n = 60) | 0.26 (0.06–1.73) nM a | NR | |||
| women, ≥65 years (n = 165) | 0.23 (0.06–0.89) nM a | NR | |||
| Free living older adults: men, 19–64 years (n = 530) | Great Britain | 1.13 (0.20–8.80) nM a | NR | yes | [62] |
| women, 19–64 years (n = 624) | 0.81 (0.02–8.71) nM a | NR | |||
| Free living older adults: men, 65–75 years (n = 86) | Shenyang, China | 1.88 ± 2.19 nM | NR | yes | [63] |
| women, 65–75 years (n = 92) | 2.48 ± 2.88 nM | NR | |||
| men, 60–83 years (n = 67) | Cambridge, United Kingdom | 0.66 ± 0.75 nM | NR | ||
| women, 60–83 years (n = 67) | 0.73 ± 0.84 nM | NR | |||
| Free-living women: Pre-menopausal, 31 ± 11 years (n = 11) | Shenyang, China | 0.28 ± 0.04 nM b,d | NR | yes | [64] |
| Post-menopausal, 68 ± 3 years (n = 23) | 0.45 ± 0.06 nM b,d | NR | |||
| Pre-menopausal, 36 ± 11 years (n = 11) | Cambridge, United Kingdom | 0.14 ± 0.02 nM b,d | NR | ||
| Post-menopausal, 67 ± 7 years (n = 31) | 0.14 ± 0.01 nM b,d | NR | |||
| Pre-menopausal, 37 ± 4 years (n = 11) | Keneba, Gambia | 0.27 ± 0.05 nM b,d | NR | ||
| Post-menopausal, 68 ± 8 years (n = 50) | 0.16 ± 0.02 nM b,d | NR | |||
| Post-menopausal women, 57 ± 5 years (n = 508) | Utrecht, The Netherlands | 18% non-detectable; among detectable: 1.08 ± 1.03 nM | NR | no | [65] |
| Hemodialysis patients, 64 ± 14 years, 63% male (n = 387) | Italy | 0.44 ± 0.44 nM d | MK4: 0.30 ± 0.33 nM d; MK5: 0.45 ± 0.35 nM d; MK6: 0.28 ± 0.45 nM d; MK7: 0.52 ± 0.45 nM d | yes | [66] |
| Healthy Controls, 57 ± 4 years, 70% male (n = 62) | 0.61 ± 0.45 nM d | MK4: 0.41 ± 0.38 nM d; MK5: 0.58 ± 0.50 nM d; MK6: 0.50 ± 0.51 nM d; MK7: 0.88 ± 0.62 nM d | |||
| Patients with stage 3–5 CKD, 61 ± 14 years, 61% male (n = 162) | Kingston Ontario, Canada | 2.1 ± 2.4 nM | NR | [67] | |
| Patients with ESKD, 64 ± 15 years, 66% male (n = 44) | Kingston Ontario, Canada | 1.25 ± 1.17 nM | NR | [68] | |
| Free-living men and women: Men, 59 ± 9 years (n = 741) | Framingham, MA, United States | 1.54 ± 2.00 nM | NR | yes | [69] |
| Premenopausal women, 47 ± 7 years, (n = 170) | 1.05 ± 1.04 nM | ||||
| Postmenopausal women: Current estrogen use, 58 ± 7 years (n = 269) | 1.46 ± 1.25 nM | ||||
| No current estrogen use, 63 ± 8 years (n = 424) | 1.41 ± 1.54 nM | ||||
| Free-living adults: White, 62 ± 10 years, 45% male (n = 262) | 6 communities across United States | 1.3 ± 0.1 nM | NR | yes | [70] |
| African American, 63 ± 10 years, 47% male (n = 180) | 1.5 ± 0.1 nM | ||||
| Hispanic, 60 ± 10 years, 51% male (n = 169) | 1.2 ± 0.1 nM | ||||
| Chinese-American, 62 ± 10 years, 45% male (n = 93) | 2.4 ± 0.2 nM | ||||
| Older free-living adults, 70–79 years, 38% male, 46% black (n = 791) | Memphis TN and Pittsburgh PA, United States | 0.8 ± 0.9 nM c | NR | [71] |
a geometric mean (inner 95% range); b geometric mean ± SEM; c median ± interquartile range; d reported as ng/mL, converted to nmol/L by multiplying ng/mL by 2.22; NR: Not reported.