Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of individual prospective cohort study.
| Ref. | No. of Case/Participants | Age Range, Gender | Follow-Up Duration (Median) | Baseline Measurement | Outcomes RR (95% CI) | Multiple Adjustments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure Assessment | Exposure Range (H vs. L) | ||||||
| [18] | 999/4508 | 18–30 years, Both | 20 years | LC n-3 (g/day), Fish (servings/day); FFQ | 20:5n-3: ≥0.078 vs.< 0.020 | 0.80 (0.66–0.96) | Age, gender, ethnicity, BMI, physical activity, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, family history of hypertension, dietary intakes of total energy, sodium, and fried fish intake. |
| 22:6n-3: ≥0.096 vs.< 0.023 | 0.45 (0.37–0.55) | ||||||
| LC n-3: ≥0.201 vs. < 0.060 | 0.65 (0.53–0.79) | ||||||
| Fish: ≥1.258 vs.< 0.305 | 0.85 (0.70–1.03) | ||||||
| [19] | 516/1032 | ≥39 years, Female | 12.9 years | Erythrocyte PL (%), GLC | 20:5n-3: Q4 vs. Q1 | 0.69 (0.41–0.73) | Age, race, total energy intake, smoking, alcohol use, exercise, menopause status, postmenopausal hormone use, BMI, history of diabetes, and history of hypercholesterolemia. |
| 22:5n-3: Q4 vs. Q1 | 0.59 (0.34–0.90) | ||||||
| 22:6n-3: Q4 vs. Q1 | 0.70 (0.42–1.18) | ||||||
| LC n-3: Q4 vs. Q1 | 0.65 (0.48–0.96) | ||||||
| [20] | 1000/1986 | 55 ± 10 years, Both | 3 years | Plasma PL (%), GLC | 20:5n-3: ≥0.76 vs.< 0.28 | 0.51 (0.33–0.80) | Age, gender, BMI, smoking, drinking, exercise, LDL cholesterol, systolic and diastolic BP, uric acid, fasting glucose levels and total fat in plasma. |
| 22:6n-3: ≥3.56 vs.<1.97 | 0.59 (0.38–0.92) | ||||||
| [16] | 13,633/28,100 | ≥39 years, Female | 12.9 years | LC n-3 (g/day); FFQ | 20:5n-3: Q5 vs. Q1 | 1.01 (0.93–1.08) | Age, race, total energy intake, drug treatment, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, postmenopausal status, hormone use, dietary sodium, potassium, calcium, fiber, BMI, history of diabetes, and history of hypercholesterolemia. |
| 22:6n-3: Q5 vs. Q1 | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) | ||||||
| [30] | 613/3504 | 40–69 years, Male and Female. | 3.5 years | LC n-3 (g/day), fish (servings/week); FFQ | LC n-3: Q4 vs. Q1 | 0.79 (0.51–1.23) | Age, BMI, income, occupation, marital status, education level, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, daily intake of energy, fat, fiber, red meat, dairy products, sweetened carbonated beverages, use of multivitamin supplements, and diabetes or hypertension. |
| Fish: 5–6 vs.<1 | 1.25 (0.77–2.03) | ||||||
| [31] | 146/880 | 50–70 years, Male | 20 years | Serum (%), GLC | LC n-3: mean (SD) in noncases (1.45 (0.81)) | 0.74 (0.62–0.89) | BMI, smoking, and exercise. |
| [17] | 997/4304 | 18–30 years, Both | 15 years | Fish (times/week); dietary questionnaires | Fish: >2.5 vs.<0.6 | 1.11 (0.90, 1.38) | Age, sex, race, center, energy intake, education, physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking, and vitamin supplement. |
| [29] | 981/5394 | 25–74 years, Both | 10 years | Fish (times/week), FFQ | Fish: ≥1 vs. <1 | 0.84 (0.66, 1.08) | Age, smoking, history of diabetes, education, systolic BP, serum cholesterol, BMI, pulse rate, alcohol intake, and physical activity. |
Ref., reference; No., number; H, the highest exposure category; L, the lowest exposure category; RR, risk ratio; LC n-3 PUFA, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid; g/day, gram per day; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; 20:5n-3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); 22:5n-3, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA); 22:6n-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; PL, phospholipids; GLC, gas-liquid chromatography.