Table 2.

CRA Framework^3,9

phase	steps	tasks
planning, scoping, and problem formulation	planning and scoping	define purpose, scope, participants, approach, resources, experience
	problem formulation	develop conceptual model (i.e., define sources, stressors, pathways/routes, receptors, end points), develop analysis plan (i.e., describe methods, models, data gaps, uncertainties), and define appropriate risk metrics (i.e., define outcomes or benchmarks related to adversity and consequences, countervailing risks, risks and benefits)
	possible outcomes	discuss possible outcomes to ensure scope and methods align with needs of the assessment
analysis	integration of exposure, hazard, and dose–response information	consider time-related aspects (i.e., time sequence or life-stage), vulnerability (i.e., susceptibility to harm), and subpopulations with special exposure In order of increasing complexity: Evaluate single stressor information (i.e., evaluate toxicologic independence and toxicologic similarity) Evaluate multiple stressor information (i.e., evaluate stressor interactions and joint chemical toxicity) Develop measures and metrics (i.e., develop decision indices, probabilistic approaches, qualitative approaches, common metrics, biomarkers)
interpretation and risk characterization	risk description	describe risk (i.e., describe probability of harm based on central tendency or high-end risk, individual vs population risk, risk to important subpopulations)
	uncertainty analysis	be explicit about uncertainty (i.e., describe uncertainty vs variability, uncertainty and risk addition, sensitive parameters)