Table 3.
Vitamin A deficiency and potential influence factors among pregnant women in China
| Variable | VAD+ | VAD– | Crude OR (95 % CI) | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region strata | ||||
| Large cities | 11 | 276 | 1 | 1 |
| Small to medium cities | 13 | 347 | 0. 62(0.24–1.62) | – |
| General rural areas | 7 | 284 | 0.94(0.42–2.13) | – |
| Poor rural areas | 33 | 238 | 3.48(1.72–7.03)a | 4.73(2.67–8.41)a |
| College or university | ||||
| No | 52 | 780 | 2.03(1.07–3.85)a | 3.17 (1.51–6.67)a |
| Yes | 12 | 365 | 1 | 1 |
| Income | ||||
| < 10,000 | 14 | 185 | 4.60(1.30–16.24)a | 4.91 (1.31–18.46)a |
| 10,000–20,000 | 22 | 317 | 4.21(1.24–14.26)a | 4.33 (1.18–15.90)a |
| 20,000–30,000 | 25 | 461 | 3.29(0.98–11.03)a | 3.64 (1.01–13.16)a |
| > =30,000 | 3 | 182 | 1 | 1 |
| Drinking | ||||
| Yes | 20 | 118 | 4.00(2.26–6.94)a | 3.10 (1.65–5.81)a |
| No | 44 | 1027 | 1 | 1 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Non-smoker without passive smoking | 24 | 529 | 1 | 1 |
| Non-smoker with passive smoking | 31 | 594 | 1.15(0.67–1.99) | – |
| Smokers | 9 | 22 | 9.02(3.75–21.67)a | 5.68 (2.23–14.49)a |
| Gestational age | ||||
| First trimester | 10 | 461 | 1 | 1 |
| Second trimester | 18 | 274 | 3.03(1.38–6.66)a | 2.40(1.05–5.46)a |
| Third trimester | 36 | 410 | 4.05(1.98–8.26)a | 2.82(1.34–5.93)a |
aStatistically significant at 0.05 level of significance