Table 3. Proportion of children within each category of abuse by characteristics of women in the study.
| Characteristics | Shouted at children | Struck children | Slapped children | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | ||||
| N (%) | N (%) | Total | N (%) | N (%) | Total | N (%) | N (%) | Total | |
| Women’s age (groups) | *** | *** | *** | ||||||
| 15 - 19 | 3 (11) | 25 (89) | 28 | 4 (14) | 24 (86) | 28 | 16 (57) | 12 (43) | 28 |
| 20 - 24 | 47 (5) | 960 (95) | 1007 | 163 (16) | 844 (84) | 1007 | 485 (48) | 522 (52) | 1007 |
| 25 - 29 | 154 (6) | 2571 (94) | 2725 | 494 (18) | 2231 (82) | 2725 | 1391 (51) | 1331 (49) | 2722 |
| 30 - 34 | 172 (6) | 2679 (94) | 2851 | 609 (21) | 2242 (79) | 2851 | 1534 (54) | 1315 (46) | 2849 |
| 35 - 39 | 234 (8) | 2737 (92) | 2971 | 886 (30) | 2086 (70) | 2972 | 1823 (61) | 1143 (39) | 2966 |
| 40 - 44 | 329 (13) | 2156 (87) | 2485 | 1086 (44) | 1399 (56) | 2485 | 1742 (70) | 743 (30) | 2485 |
| 45 - 49 | 383 (20) | 1565 (80) | 1948 | 1090 (56) | 858 (44) | 1948 | 1503 (77) | 443 (23) | 1946 |
| Sex of child | ** | ns | * | ||||||
| Male | 666 (9) | 6859 (91) | 7525 | 2284 (30) | 5243 (70) | 7527 | 4498 (60) | 3021 (40) | 7519 |
| Female | 655 (10) | 5834 (90) | 6489 | 2048 (32) | 4441 (68) | 6489 | 3996 (62) | 2488 (38) | 6484 |
| Respondent’s educational level | ns | *** | *** | ||||||
| No education | 508 (10) | 4792 (90) | 5300 | 1488 (28) | 3813 (72) | 5301 | 2898 (55) | 2396 (45) | 5294 |
| Primary | 240 (10) | 2155 (90) | 2395 | 783 (33) | 1612 (67) | 2395 | 1425 (59) | 969 (41) | 2394 |
| Secondary or higher | 573 (9) | 5746 (91) | 6319 | 2061 (33) | 4259 (67) | 6320 | 4171 (66) | 2144 (34) | 6315 |
| Partner’s educational level | * | *** | *** | ||||||
| No education | 367 (10) | 3128 (90) | 3495 | 1063 (30) | 2433 (70) | 3496 | 1951 (56) | 1540 (44) | 3491 |
| Primary | 256 (9) | 2707 (91) | 2963 | 824 (28) | 2139 (72) | 2963 | 1673 (56) | 1287 (44) | 2960 |
| Secondary or higher | 694 (9) | 6834 (91) | 7528 | 2439 (32) | 5090 (68) | 7529 | 4858 (65) | 2666 (35) | 7524 |
| Marital status | *** | *** | *** | ||||||
| Formerly married | 150 (18) | 694 (5) | 844 | 400 (47) | 444 (53) | 844 | 605 (71) | 238 (29) | 843 |
| Currently married | 1171 (9) | 11999 (91) | 13170 | 3932 (30) | 9240 (70) | 13172 | 7889 (60) | 5271 (40) | 13160 |
| Current working status | ** | *** | *** | ||||||
| Not working | 994 (9) | 9874 (91) | 10868 | 3123 (29) | 7746 (71) | 10869 | 6399 (59) | 4459 (41) | 10858 |
| Working | 327 (10) | 2818 (90) | 3145 | 1209 (38) | 1937 (62) | 3146 | 2094 (67) | 1050 (33) | 3144 |
| Partner’s current working status | ns | *** | *** | ||||||
| Not working | 977 (9) | 9643 (91) | 10620 | 3060 (29) | 7561 (71) | 10621 | 6272 (51) | 4338 (49) | 10610 |
| Working | 344 (10) | 3050 (90) | 3394 | 1272 (37) | 2123 (63) | 3395 | 2222 (65) | 1171 (35) | 3393 |
| Wealth index | *** | *** | *** | ||||||
| Poorest | 304 (10) | 2855 (22) | 3159 | 746 (24) | 2414 (76) | 3160 | 1572 (50) | 1585 (50) | 3157 |
| Poorer | 238 (8) | 2595 (92) | 2833 | 760 (27) | 2073 (73) | 2833 | 1553 (55) | 1278 (45) | 2831 |
| Middle | 228 (9) | 2355 (91) | 2583 | 748 (30) | 1835 (70) | 2583 | 1553 (60) | 1026 (40) | 2579 |
| Richer | 226 (9) | 2410 (91) | 2636 | 816 (31) | 1820 (69) | 2636 | 1662 (63) | 971 (37) | 2633 |
| Richest | 325 (12) | 2478 (88) | 2803 | 1262 (45) | 1542 (55) | 2804 | 2154 (77) | 649 (28) | 2803 |
| Place of residence | ns | *** | *** | ||||||
| Rural | 539 (9) | 5303 (91) | 5842 | 2046 (47) | 3797 (39) | 5843 | 3834 (66) | 2005 (34) | 5839 |
| Urban | 782 (9) | 7390 (91) | 8172 | 2286 (28) | 5887 (72) | 8173 | 4660 (57) | 3504 (43) | 8164 |
| Age of child (years) | *** | *** | *** | ||||||
| 0 - 4 | 398 (5) | 6788 (95) | 7186 | 1401 (19) | 5785 (81) | 7186 | 3720 (52) | 3460 (48) | 7180 |
| 5 - 9 | 305 (8) | 3330 (92) | 3635 | 1081 (30) | 2555 (70) | 3636 | 2251 (62) | 1383 (38) | 3634 |
| 10 - 14 | 333 (17) | 1689 (83) | 2022 | 1070 (53) | 953 (47) | 2023 | 1563 (77) | 455 (23) | 2018 |
| ≥ 15 | 244 (29) | 603 (71) | 847 | 649 (77) | 198 (23) | 847 | 744 (88) | 103 (12) | 847 |
| Number of children in family | *** | ** | ns | ||||||
| ≤ 2 | 363 (9) | 3773 (91) | 4136 | 1224 (28) | 2912 (30) | 4136 | 2536 (61) | 1597 (39) | 4133 |
| 3 - 5 | 726 (9) | 7294 (91) | 8020 | 2482 (57) | 5540 (57) | 8022 | 4864 (61) | 3149 (39) | 8013 |
| ≥ 6 | 232 (12) | 1626 (88) | 1858 | 626 (15) | 1232 (13) | 1858 | 1094 (59) | 763 (41) | 1857 |
| Who decides how to spend money | * | * | *** | ||||||
| Respondent alone | 49 (9) | 503 (91) | 552 | 11 (3) | 341 (97) | 352 | 211 (52) | 194 (48) | 405 |
| Respondent & husband/partner | 176 (11) | 1397 (89) | 1573 | 668 (42) | 905 (58) | 1573 | 668 (61) | 420 (39) | 1088 |
| Husband/partner and Other | 7 (5) | 125 (95) | 132 | 42 (32) | 90 (68) | 132 | 42 (42) | 59 (58) | 101 |
| Type of earnings | * | *** | *** | ||||||
| Not paid | 50 (7) | 640 (93) | 690 | 166 (24) | 525 (76) | 691 | 348 (16) | 342 (29) | 690 |
| Cash and kind | 12 (8) | 131 (92) | 143 | 41 (29) | 102 (71) | 143 | 78 (3) | 65 (6) | 143 |
| In kind only | 9 (9) | 88 (91) | 97 | 22 (23) | 74 (77) | 96 | 38 (2) | 59 (5) | 97 |
| Cash only | 274 (11) | 2198 (89) | 2472 | 1049 (42) | 1423 (58) | 2472 | 1765 (79) | 706 (60) | 2471 |
P-value: *** p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05; ns = not significant