Table 1.

Pharmacogenetic information in the FDA label of medications commonly prescribed to pregnant women.

Drug name	Indication for use during pregnancy	Gene*	Pharmacogenomic Information in FDA Label
Glyburide	Diabetes mellitus	G6PD	Precautions: Hemolytic anemia related to G6PD deficiency
Omeprazole, Lansoprazole	Gastroesophageal reflux disease	CYP2C19	Drug interactions: CYP2C19 poor metabolizers should avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel
Metoclopramide	Nausea	G6PD	Precautions: individuals who are NADH cytochrome b5 reductase deficient are at risk of methemoglobinemia
Nitrofurantoin	Urinary tract infection	G6PD	Warnings: individuals with G6PD deficiency are at risk of hemolytic anemia
Fluoxetine	Depression, anxiety	CYP2D6	Warnings, Precautions: CYP2D6 poor metabolizers may have higher drug levels; concomitant administration with other drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 may exacerbate this effect
Paroxetine	Depression, anxiety	CYP2D6	Warnings, Precautions: CYP2D6 poor metabolizers may have higher drug levels; concomitant administration with other drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 may exacerbate this effect
Metoprolol	Hypertension	CYP2D6	Warnings, Precautions: drugs that inhibit CYP2D6 such as quinidine, fluoxetine, paroxetine are likely to increase metoprolol concentration and decrease the cardioselectivity of metoprolol; this is exacerbated in subjects with CYP2D6 extensive metabolizer phenotypes
Codeine	Analgesia	CYP2D6	Black box warnings: respiratory depression and death have occurred in children who received codeine who were CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizers. Deaths have also occurred in nursing infants who were exposed to high levels of morphine (metabolite of codeine) in breast milk because their mothers were ultra-rapid metabolizers of codeine

^*Standard nomenclature as per the Human Genome Organization symbol

Source: US Food and Drug Administration: Table of Pharmacognomic Biomarkers in Drug Labeling. (Accessed 5/5/2015, at http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/Pharmacogenetics/ucm083378.htm.)