Table 3.
Adjusted geometric means (pmol/mg creatinine) of urinary estrogen and estrogen metabolite levels by categories of total wine intake in the Nurses’ Health Study II
| Non-drinkera | ≤1 drink/week | 2–4 drinks/week | ≥5 drinks/week | P trend | Percent difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 206 | 168 | 72 | 76 | ||
| Total estrogens and metabolites | 202.8 | 199.2 | 198.5 | 210.6 | 0.09 | 4 % |
| Parent estrogens | 40.0 | 43.3 | 41.6 | 46.9 | 0.01 | 17 % |
| Estrone | 26.3 | 29.1 | 26.4 | 29.4 | 0.27 | 12 % |
| Estradiol | 13.0 | 13.9 | 13.3 | 15.9 | <0.0001 | 22 % |
| Catechols | 72.4 | 70.0 | 64.1 | 73.4 | 0.53 | 1 % |
| 2-Catechols | 61.7 | 60.4 | 55.5 | 61.6 | 0.77 | 0 % |
| 2-Hydroxyestrone | 54.6 | 53.6 | 48.7 | 53.9 | 0.94 | −1 % |
| 2-Hydroxyestradiol | 6.1 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 7.0 | 0.03 | 15 % |
| 4-catechols | ||||||
| 4-Hydroxyestrone | 7.1 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 8.0 | 0.049 | 12 % |
| Methylated catechols | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 12.4 | 0.14 | 15 % |
| Methylated 2-catechols | 10.3 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 12.1 | 0.13 | 17 % |
| 2-Methoxyestrone | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 9.1 | 0.32 | 13 % |
| 2-Methoxyestradiol | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.77 | 0.91 | 0.001 | 24 % |
| 2-Hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 0.02 | 34 % |
| Methylated 4-catechols | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.52 | 14 % |
| 4-Methoxyestrone | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.86 | 7 % |
| 4-Methoxyestradiol | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.27 | 27 % |
| 2-Hydroxylation pathway | 73.5 | 73.0 | 67.5 | 75.9 | 0.51 | 3 % |
| 4-Hydroxylation pathway | 7.8 | 7.74 | 6.9 | 8.84 | 0.04 | 14 % |
| 16-Hydroxylation pathway | 63.1 | 60.7 | 65.7 | 66.7 | 0.12 | 6 % |
| 16α-Hydroxyestrone | 10.6 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 0.64 | −1 % |
| Estriol | 27.5 | 25.8 | 29.3 | 28.3 | 0.06 | 3 % |
| 17-Epiestriol | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 0.03 | −16 % |
| 16-Ketoestradiol | 13.6 | 13.17 | 13.6 | 12.7 | 0.16 | −7 % |
| 16-Epiestriol | 5.6 | 5.4 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 0.08 | 12 % |
| Ratios of metabolic pathways | ||||||
| 2-Hydroxyestrone/16α-hydroxyestrone | 5.1 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 0.62 | 0 % |
| 4-Pathway/2-pathway | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.83 | −2 % |
| 2-Pathway/16-pathway | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.83 | 3 % |
| 4-Pathway/16-pathway | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.99 | 4 % |
| 2-Catechols/methylated 2-catechols | 5.9 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 0.17 | −15 % |
| 4-Catechols/methylated 4-catechols | 30.0 | 27.6 | 25.5 | 30.2 | 0.33 | 1 % |
| Catechols/methylated catechols | 6.7 | 6.2 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 0.38 | −12 % |
| Parent estrogens/estrogen metabolites | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 15 % |
| 2-Pathway/parent estrogens | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.16 | −11 % |
| 4-Pathway/parent estrogens | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.59 | −2 % |
| 16-Pathway/parent estrogens | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.07 | −11 % |
Adjusted for age (continuous), BMI (continuous), height (continuous), ovulatory cycle (yes/no), first morning urine sample (yes/no), luteal day (≤5, 6–7, 8–9, ≥10 days before the next menstrual period), menstrual cycle regularity (extremely regular, very regular, regular, usually/always irregular), menstrual cycle length (<26, 26–31, ≥32 days), caffeine intake (quartiles), physical activity (<3, 3–8.9, 9–17.9, 18–26.9, 27–41.9, ≥42 MET-h/week), and smoking status (current/former or never)
aReferent category is non-drinkers of any alcohol