Table 1.

Maternal communication macro- and micro-level codes and definitions

Code	Definition	Examples	Mean (SD)	Range
IFIRS
Harsh Communication	Hostile, inconsistent, and intrusive verbal and nonverbal behavior toward the adolescent	Attacks/criticisms or demonstrating irritability/frustration with the adolescent. “You’re being a pest.”	2.42 (.98)	1.00–4.67
Withdrawn Communication	Neglectful, unresponsive, and uninvolved verbal or non-verbal behavior toward the adolescent	Looking away or not responding to the adolescent’s statements. “I don’t care what you do.”	4.55 (.79)	2.5–7.00
Contingency
Solicit	Mother asks a question in order to elicit a response from the adolescent	Adolescent: “I was scared.” Mother: “What was scary?”	16.46 (11.99)	1–45
Validation	Mother confirms, empathizes, or praises the adolescent’s utterance without adding new content	Adolescent: “I was scared.” Mother: “I know.”	2.49 (2.03)	0–7