Table 3.
Concurrent and longitudinal associations of boys’ and girls’ resting RSA, perceived parental support and negative interaction with externalizing behavior and empathic concern
| Externalizing behavior | Empathic concern | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | |||||
| β | b (SE) | β | b (SE) | β | b (SE) | β | b (SE) | |
| Concurrent Effects t1 → t1 | ||||||||
| Resting RSA | -0.07 | -0.07 (0.06) | 0.01 | 0.00 (0.08) | 0.14+ | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.04 | 0.04 (0.08) |
| Support from parents | -0.21** | -0.21 (0.09) | -0.24** | -0.24 (0.09) | 0.29*** | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.23** | 0.22 (0.08) |
| Negative interaction with parents | 0.39*** | 0.39 (0.08) | 0.49*** | 0.49 (0.09) | -0.13+ | -0.13 (0.08) | -0.22** | -0.22 (0.08) |
| RSA X support | -0.04 | -0.04 (0.08) | 0.09 | 0.08 (0.07) | -0.02 | -0.02 (0.08) | -0.05 | -0.05 (0.08) |
| RSA X negative interaction | 0.06 | 0.06 (0.15) | -0.06 | -0.06 (0.09) | 0.11 | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.13+ | 0.13 (0.09) |
| Stability Effects t1 → t2 | ||||||||
| Externalizing behavior | 0.70*** | 0.12 (0.01) | 0.79*** | 0.14 (0.01) | - | - | - | - |
| Empathic concern | - | - | - | - | 0.68*** | 0.37 (0.04) | 0.57*** | 0.29 (0.04) |
| Longitudinal Main Effects t1 → t2 | ||||||||
| Resting RSA | -0.06 | -0.01 (0.01) | -0.00 | 0.00 (0.01) | -0.14* | -0.08 (0.03) | -0.06 | -0.03 (0.03) |
| Support from parents | 0.22** | 0.04 (0.01) | -0.09 | -0.02 (0.01) | 0.06 | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.10 | 0.05 (0.05) |
| Negative interaction with parents | 0.13* | 0.02 (0.01) | -0.10 | -0.02 (0.01) | 0.01 | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.00 | 0.00 (0.04) |
| Longitudinal Interaction Effects t1 → t2 | ||||||||
| RSA X support | -0.04 | -0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 | 0.00 (0.01) | -0.06 | -0.03 (0.03) | 0.15* | 0.08 (0.04) |
| RSA X negative interaction | 0.01 | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.13* | 0.02 (0.01) | -0.17** | -0.10 (0.03) | 0.04 | 0.02 (0.03) |
| R 2 | R 2 | R 2 | R 2 | |||||
| 0.55 | 0.60 | 0.47 | 0.37 | |||||
+ p < 0.10 * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001