Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and average four year lifestyle changes of men and women in three prospective cohorts
| Characteristics | Health Professionals Follow-up Study (n=20 525) | Nurses’ Health Study (n=39 423) | Nurses’ Health Study II (n=64 138) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline* (1986) | Four year change† | Baseline* (1986) | Four year change† | Baseline* (1991) | Four year change† | |
| Age, years | 46.9 (2.9) | – | 48.5 (2.4) | – | 36.3 (3.4) | – |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.6 (1.4) | – | 23.6 (1.4) | – | 22.8 (2.2) | – |
| Weight, lbs | 174 (13) | 2.2 (−14.0-20.0) | 140 (9) | 2.9 (−14.0-25.0) | 137 (16) | 4.4 (−10.0-32.3) |
| Physical activity, MET-hr/wk | 23.5 (19.5) | 5.1 (−46.0-100.0) | 15.0 (9.9) | 1.6 (−34.7-42.6) | 21.6 (22.1) | 0.4 (−26.1-22.6) |
| Alcohol, servings/d | 0.9 (0.7) | 0.0 (−2.1-1.6) | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.0 (−1.3-0.9) | 0.3 (0.4) | 0.0 (−0.5-0.8) |
| Caffeine, mg/d | 236 (141) | −11 (−372-306) | 305 (112) | −29 (−354-270) | 241 (167) | −12 (−280-224) |
| Flavonols, mg/d | 11.7 (7.9-17.0) | 2.1 (−14.3-26.9) | 12.1 (8.1-18.1) | 1.6 (−14.0-27.0) | 14.2 (9.3-23.3) | 1.3 (−19.5-18.0) |
| Flavones, mg/d | 2.2 (1.2-3.1) | 0.1 (−3.4-2.6) | 2.1 (1.2-3.1) | 0.0 (−2.8-2.2) | 1.2 (0.7-2.1) | 0.1 (−1.4-2.2) |
| Flavanones, mg/d | 41.7 (16.1-64.9) | −0.1 (−79.3-78.9) | 37.6 (14.9-63.7) | −0.7 (−66.1-62.0) | 21.7 (9.3-48.6) | −1.3 (−42.5-47.8) |
| Flavan-3-ols, mg/d | 23.9 (13.5-51.0) | 0.5 (116.3-115.7) | 24.2 (13.2-71.6) | −0.9 (−113.6-133.2) | 26.1 (13.0-73.6) | −0.8 (−119.4-79.4) |
| Anthocyanins, mg/d | 7.7 (3.9-16.2) | 2.4 (−24.6-28.7) | 11.5 (5.2-19.6) | 1.8 (−28.4-28.3) | 5.7 (3.1-14.6) | 4.5 (−17.5-34.6) |
| Polymers, mg/d | 117.6 (63.4-214.4) | 7.1 (−344.7-370.8) | 134.9 (72.6-254.4) | 1.3 (−342.6-396.5) | 143.5 (76.5-267.6) | 3.9 (−363.6-252.3) |
| Total flavonoids, mg/d | 223.6 (138.1-362.2) | 11.9 (−472.6-531.4) | 247.1 (149.8-416.0) | 2.5 (−480.3-547.0) | 235.9 (136.9-410.6) | 8.2 (−506.2-360.3) |
| Total fruit without juice, servings/d | 1.5 (0.7) | 0.1 (−1.9-2.1) | 1.5 (0.5) | 0.0 (−1.9-1.9) | 1.2 (0.7) | 0.0 (−1.3-1.5) |
| Total vegetables, servings/d | 2.9 (1.0) | 0.2 (−2.6-3.7) | 3.2 (0.8) | 0.1 (−2.6-3.4) | 3.1 (1.6) | 0.0 (−2.7-3.0) |
| Whole fat dairy, servings/d | 1.0 (0.6) | −0.1 (−2.3-1.4) | 1.2 (0.5) | −0.1 (−2.3-1.2) | 0.8 (0.6) | 0.0 (−1.4-1.1) |
| Low fat dairy, servings/d | 0.8 (0.6) | −0.1 (−2.0-1.7) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.1 (−1.5-2.0) | 1.1 (0.8) | 0.0 (−1.4-1.7) |
| Seafood, servings/d | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.0 (−0.5-0.6) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.0 (−0.5-0.4) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.0 (−0.4-0.3) |
| Whole grains, servings/d | 1.5 (0.8) | 0.0 (−2.3-2.9) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.1 (−1.6-2.2) | 1.3 (0.9) | 0.0 (−1.5-1.3) |
| Refined grains, servings/d | 1.2 (0.6) | 0.0 (−2.1-2.1) | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.0 (−1.7-1.7) | 1.3 (0.7) | −0.1 (−1.3-1.7) |
| Nuts, servings/d | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.0 (−0.9-0.8) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.0 (−0.6-0.5) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.1 (−0.2-0.7) |
| Sugar sweetened drinks, servings/d | 0.3 (0.4) | 0.0 (−0.9-0.9) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.0 (−0.6-0.7) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.0 (−0.9-0.8) |
| Zero calorie soda, servings/d | 0.5 (0.6) | 0.0 (−1.5-1.6) | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.0 (−1.2-1.5) | 0.9 (1.1) | −0.1 (−1.8-1.5) |
| Juice, servings/d | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.0 (−1.6-1.5) | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.0 (−1.3-1.3) | 0.7 (0.6) | −0.1 (−1.2-1.0) |
| Sweets, servings/d | 1.3 (0.8) | 0.0 (−2.4-2.3) | 1.1 (0.5) | 0.0 (−1.8-2.2) | 1.1 (0.8) | −0.1 (−1.5-1.4) |
| Processed meats, servings/d | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.0 (−0.8-0.6) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.0 (−0.6-0.4) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.0 (−0.4-0.4) |
| Non-processed meats, servings/d | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.0 (−0.9-0.7) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.0 (−0.7-0.6) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.0 (−0.5-0.5) |
| Trans fat, % | 1.3 (0.3) | 0.0 (−0.7-1.3) | 1.7 (0.3) | −0.2 (−1.1-0.9) | 1.6 (0.5) | −0.2 (−1.0-0.5) |
*Mean (SD) or median (interquartile range).
†Mean (1st- 99th centile range).