Table 3.
Four year weight change (lbs, 95% CI) associated with increased daily flavonoid intake (1 SD/day); pooled* associations among 124 086 men and women
| Flavonoid | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | Model 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flavonols (SD=7 mg) | −0.17 (−0.29 to −0.04)† | −0.17 (−0.29 to −0.05)† | −0.14 (−0.23 to −0.04)† | −0.16 (−0.26 to −0.06)† | −0.16 (−0.26 to −0.06)† | −0.04 (−0.10 to 0.02) | −0.15 (−0.26 to −0.03)† | −0.15 (−0.30 to 0.00) | −0.09 (−0.19 to 0.02) |
| Flavones (SD=0.9 mg) | −0.01 (−0.02 to 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.04 to −0.01)† | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.02) | −0.09 (−0.13 to −0.05)† | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.01) | 0.09 (0.04 to 0.14)† | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.00 (−0.04 to 0.05) | −0.03 (−0.06 to 0.0) |
| Flavanones (SD=25 mg) | 0.13 (−0.01 to 0.26) | 0.12 (−0.01 to 0.26) | 0.11 (0.02 to 0.21)† | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01)† | 0.11 (0.02 to 0.20)† | 0.20 (0.08 to 0.32)† | 0.13 (0.04 to 0.22)† | 0.08 (−0.08 to 0.23) | 0.08 (−0.02 to 0.17) |
| Flavan-3-ols (SD=45 mg) | −0.12 (−0.24 to 0.00) | −0.12 (−0.23 to 0.00) | −0.09 (−0.16 to −0.01)† | −0.10 (−0.17 to −0.02)† | −0.10 (−0.17 to −0.02)† | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.01) | −0.09 (−0.17 to −0.01)† | −0.07 (−0.23 to 0.09) | −0.03 (−0.10 to 0.04) |
| Anthocyanins (SD=10 mg) | −0.26 (−0.38 to −0.14)† | −0.28 (−0.38 to −0.17)† | −0.22 (−0.30 to −0.15)† | −0.23 (−0.30 to −0.15)† | −0.23 (−0.30 to −0.15)† | −0.17 (−0.22 to −0.11)† | −0.22 (−0.30 to −0.14)† | −0.24 (−0.40 to −0.09)† | −0.21 (−0.26 to −0.15)† |
| Polymers (SD=138 mg) | −0.23 (−0.37 to −0.08)† | −0.22 (−0.37 to −0.07)† | −0.17 (−0.27 to −0.07)† | −0.18 (−0.28 to −0.08)† | −0.18 (−0.28 to −0.08)† | −0.10 (−0.16 to −0.03)† | −0.17 (−0.28 to −0.06)† | −0.16 (−0.38 to 0.05) | −0.11 (−0.22 to −0.01)† |
| Proanthocyanidins (SD=72 mg) | −0.60 (−0.87 to −0.34)† | −0.63 (−0.87 to −0.39)† | −0.55 (−0.75 to −0.35)† | −0.60 (−0.82 to −0.37)† | −0.60 (−0.82 to −0.37)† | −0.43 (−0.61 to −0.26)† | −0.61 (−0.89 to −0.34)† | −0.56 (−0.91 to −0.21)† | −0.52 (−0.72 to −0.36)† |
| Total flavonoids (SD=194 mg) | −0.22 (−0.37 to −0.06)† | −0.21 (−0.36 to −0.06)† | −0.17 (−0.27 to −0.06)† | −0.20 (−0.31 to −0.09)† | −0.20 (−0.31 to −0.09)† | −0.10 (−0.18 to −0.03)† | −0.19 (−0.31 to −0.07)† | −0.16 (−0.37 to 0.04) | −0.12 (−0.24 to 0.00) |
Model 1=adjusted for age.
Model 2=model 1+baseline body mass index and change in smoking status, physical activity, hours of sitting or watching TV, and hours of sleep.
Model 3=model 2+change in fried potatoes, whole grains, refined grains, fried foods, nuts, whole fat dairy, low fat dairy, sugar sweetened drinks, sweets, processed meats, non-processed meats, trans fat, alcohol, seafood, and caffeine.
Model 4=model 3+change in juice.
Model 5=model 3+change in juice (non-citrus for flavones and flavanones).
Model 6=model 5+change in fiber.
Model 7=model 5+change in total energy.
Model 8=adjusted for baseline age, body mass index, smoking status, physical activity, hours of sitting or watching TV, hours of sleep, fried potatoes, whole grains, refined grains, fried foods, nuts, whole fat dairy, low fat dairy, sugar sweetened drinks, sweets, processed meats, non-processed meats, trans fat, alcohol, seafood, caffeine, and juice (non-citrus for flavones and flavanones).
Model 9=model 5+model 8.
*Meta-analysis with random effects.
†95% CI excludes zero (null).