Table 1.
Effects of developmental risk on offspring blood pressures in human cohort studies.
| Study | Offspring, n | Age Range, years | Country | Risk Factors | Reporting Findings Related to BP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Project Viva [10] | 746 M/F | 3 | United States | Maternal smoking | Pregnancy smokers had children with higher SBP |
| London Health Science Centre [11] | 658 M/F | 3–16 | United Kingdom | High maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, large birth weight | SBP correlates with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. DBP positively correlates with birth weight, gestational age, and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI |
| ABCD [12] | 1834 M/F | 5–6 | Netherlands | Low maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D level (25(OH)D) | ↑ 10 nmol/L maternal 25OHD ↓ 0.21 mmHg offspring DBP |
| Tohoku Study of Child Development [13] | 377 M/F | 7 | Japan | Short-term breastfeeding | BP in the long-term breastfeeding group was significantly lower than in the short-term breastfeeding group |
| ALSPAC [14] | 3062 M/F | 9–12 | United Kingdom | Pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension | Offspring of women with pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension had higher SBP and DBP |
| ALSPAC [15] | 3525 M/F | 9.9 | United Kingdom | Low maternal 25(OH)D | Maternal 25(OH)D was inversely associated with SBP |
| ALSPAC [16] | 2200 M/F | 16 | United Kingdom | Excessive gestational weight gain, high maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | Gestational weight gain and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI positively correlate with offspring SBP and DBP |
| POPS-19 [17] | 596 M/F | 19 | Netherlands | Increased postnatal weight gain | Higher postnatal weight gain, higher SBP |
| MUSP [18] | 2271 M/F | 21 | Australia | Excessive gestational weight gain | Greater GWG is associated with higher offspring SBP |
| JPS [19] | 1256 M/F | 32 | Jerusalem | High maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) | High maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, high offspring SBP and DBP |
| Dutch Famine study [20] | 359 M/F | 59 | Netherlands | Undernutrition | SBP and DBP were 2.77 and 1.27 mmHg higher in offspring exposed to famine than those without exposure |
Studies tabulated according to offspring age. ABCD = Amsterdam Born Children and their Development; JPS = Jerusalem Perinatal Study; ALSPAC = The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; MUSP = Mater-University Study of Pregnancy and its Outcomes; POP-19 = Dutch POPS-19 Collaborative Study Group.