Table 2.

Reprogramming aimed at shifting the NO-ROS balance in developmentally acquired and genetic hypertension models.

Programming Mechanism	Species	Programming Effects	Treatment	Period of Treatment	Reprogramming Effects	Age at which Effects Were Measured	Ref.
50% caloric restriction during pregnancy	Wistar rats	Hypertension ↑ Oxidative stress ↓ EDVD	Vit. C or E	14 to 16 weeks of age	↓ BP ↓ Oxidative stress. Normalized EDVD	14 to 16 weeks of age	[29]
50% caloric restriction during pregnancy	Wistar rats.	↑ BP LBW Endothelial dysfunction Impaired renal function ↓ Glomerular number	Micronutrients mix: Vit. C, E, selenium and folic acid	During pregnancy	↓ BP Prevented LBW ↑ Vascular function	Until 14–16 weeks of age	[30]
Genetic hypertension/Aging	SHR and aging WKY rats	Hypertension Proteinuria	l-arginine plus antioxidants (Vit. C, E and taurine)	2 weeks before until 4 or 8 weeks after birth	↓ BP Prevented proteinuria. Transient ↓ of oxidative stress	Every 6 weeks until 50 weeks of age	[31]
Genetic hypertension.	SHR and WKY rats	Hypertension. High RVR Wide range of RBF autoregulation	l-arginine plus antioxidants (Vit. C, E and taurine)	2 weeks before until 8 weeks after birth	↓ Hypertension and RVR RBF autoregulation shifted towards WKY pattern	At 9 week old	[32]
Genetic hypertension, renal injury	FHH rats	Hypertension Progressive renal injury	l-arginine plus antioxidants (Vit. C, E and taurine)	2 weeks before until 4 weeks after birth	Prevented hypertension. ↓ Proteinuria ↓ Glomerulosclerosis in females	Until 36 weeks of age	[33]
50% caloric restriction during pregnancy and lactation	Sprague-Dawley rats	LBW, impaired renal function, renal injury	Citrulline	During pregnancy and lactation	↑ BP ↓ Renal injury ↑ Nephron number	Until 12 weeks of age	[34]
Genetic hypertension.	SHR and WKY rats	Hypertension. ↓ Renal NO at 2 weeks. ↓ Renal gene expression of ASS and ASL at 2 weeks	Citrulline	2 weeks before until 6 weeks after birth	↓ Hypertension in females and until 20 weeks in males ↑ Renal NO at 2 weeks	Until 50 weeks of age	[35]
Diabetes (STZ) during pregnancy and lactation	Sprague-Dawley rats	Hypertension, renal injury	Citrulline	During pregnancy and lactation	↓ BP ↓ Renal injury	Until 12 weeks of age	[36]
Dexamethasone during pregnancy	Sprague-Dawley rats	Hypertension	Citrulline	During pregnancy and lactation	↓ BP	Until 12 weeks of age	[37]
L-NAME during pregnancy	Sprague-Dawley rats	Hypertension	Citrulline	During pregnancy and lactation	↓ BP ↓ ADMA	Until 12 weeks of age	[38,39]
Genetic hypertension, renal injury	FHH rats	Hypertension Progressive renal injury	Molsidomine (NO donor)	2 weeks before until 4 weeks after birth	Prevented hypertension. ↓ Glomerulosclerosis.	Until 36 and 42 weeks of age	[40]
Genetic hypertension	SHR	Hypertension Proteinuria	Vit. C, E and Molsidomine (NO donor) or Tempol (SOD mimetic)	2 weeks before until 4 or 8 weeks after birth	↓ BP Prevented proteinuria	Every 6 weeks until 50 weeks of age	[41]
Genetic hypertension, renal injury	FHH rats	Hypertension Progressive renal injury	Molsidomine (NO donor)	From 2 weeks before until 4 weeks after birth	Differential regulation of renal ribosome protein genes at 2 days and 2 weeks of age ↓ Renal ribosome structures at 2 weeks of age	Until 42 weeks of age	[42]
Genetic hypertension	SHR	Hypertension	Pentaerythritoltetranitrate (NO donor and antioxidant)	During pregnancy and lactation	↓ BP in females, epigenetic changes relating to eNOS in the aorta	At 6 and 8 months of age	[43]
Dexamethasone during pregnancy	Sprague-Dawley rats	Hypertension	Melatonin	During pregnancy and lactation	↓ BP ↑ Nephron number	Until 16 weeks of age	[44]
Dexamethasone during pregnancy	Sprague-Dawley rats	Hypertension	Melatonin	During pregnancy and lactation	Preserved histone deacetylase gene expression	Until 16 weeks of age	[45]
High fructose intake during pregnancy	Sprague-Dawley rats	Hypertension	Melatonin	During pregnancy and lactation	Prevented hypertension Increased renal NO	Until 12 weeks of age	[46]
Protein restricted diet during pregnancy	Wistar rats	Hypertension Vascular dysfunction Microvascular rarefaction ↑ Oxidative stress	Lazaroid (inhibitor of lipid peroxidation)	During pregnancy	Prevented hypertension. Improved vascular function and microvascular rarefaction. ↓ Oxidative stress.	Until 12 weeks of age	[47]
Genetic hypertension	SHR and WKY rats	Hypertension	Pyrrolidine di-thio-carbamate (NF-κB inhibitor)	2 weeks before until 4 weeks after birth	↓ BP ↑ Natriuresis at 4 weeks ↓ Oxidative stress markers	Until 28 weeks of age	[48]
Genetic hypertension	FHH rats	Hypertension Progressive renal injury	Pyrrolidine di-thio-carbamate (NF-κB inhibitor)	2 weeks before until 4 weeks after birth	Prevented hypertension ↓ Glomerulosclerosis	Until 36 and 42 weeks of age	[49]