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. 2015 Dec 29;17(1):43. doi: 10.3390/ijms17010043

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic model of cancer stem cell (CSC) generation. The embryo undergoes a series of cleavage divisions and generates multipotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The ESCs generate tissue stem cells (TSCs), which are indispensable for tissue generation. The TSCs include urothelial stem cells, which produce all types of urothelial cells via differentiation. CSCs are separate from the normal differentiation process because of their lack of organization (dotted arrows). CSCs generate more differentiated cancer cells, known as non-CSCs.