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Normal bladder tissue may be a possible origin of bladder CSCs by direct transformation into CSCs via mutations in urothelial stem cells, basal cells, intermediate cells, and terminally differentiated umbrella cells. Urothelial stem cells, basal cells and intermediate cells give rise to muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), whereas umbrella and intermediate cells give rise to non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).
