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Parkinson’s disease. In PD a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and microglia activation in the substantia nigra pars compact (SNpc), is characteristic. Microglia activation by thrombin leads to the expression of NO, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, which causes a release of caspase-3 and p53 from the dopaminergic neurons and results in neuronal death. On the other hand, PAR-1 activation in astrocytes seems to exert a more neuroprotective influence.
