Table 4.
Data on drug or herb intake of the patients with herbal-induced liver injury and cholestatic or mixed patterns.
| 2 | 3 | 9 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Causality assessment 1 | - | - | - |
| probable | - | - | - |
| possible | Hypericum perforatum (5) | Carbimazole (5) | Enoxaparin (4) |
| Promethazine (5) | Phenprocoumon (5) | Metamizole (3) | |
| - | Valeriana (3) | Valeriana (3) | |
| Time to onset from the beginning of drug/herb | |||
| 5–90 days | Hypericum perforatum | Carbimazole, Phenprocoumon | All |
| <5 or >90 days | Promethazine | Valeriana | - |
| OR: Time to onset from cessation of drug/herb ≤15 days (except for slowly metabolised chemicals: >15 days) | |||
| Course of ALP after cessation of the drug/herb (percentage difference between ALP peak and N) | - | - | - |
| Decrease ≥50% within 180 days | All | - | - |
| Decrease <50% within 180 days | - | All | All |
| No information, persistence, increase, or continued drug/herb use | - | - | - |
| ALP normalisation after cessation of the drug/herb | Not known | Not known | Not known |
1 Based on the updated CIOMS score as proposed by Teschke et al. [4]. Herbs are written in bold. Numbers in brackets depict the points in CIOMS score for each compound. ALP = alkaline phosphatase; N = enzyme value at a certain time point; CIOMS = Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences.