Table 2.

Bioactive molecules potentially inhibiting adipogenic differentiation and enhancing osteogenic differentiation in animal and cell culture models.

Bioactive Molecule	Model	Effect	Source
20S-hydroxycholesterol	M2-10B4 bone marrow stromal cells	Inhibits adipogenesis	[15,120,130]
		↓ PPARγ expression
	Hen preadipocytes	↓ C/EBPβ and FABP4 expression
22S-hydroxycholesterol	M2-10B4 bone marrow stromal cells	Inhibits adipogenesis	[130]
		↓ FABP4 and LPL expression
		Enhances mineralisation
		↑ ALP, OCN expression
22R-hydroxycholesterol	M2-10B4 bone marrow stromal cells	Inhibits adipogenesis and enhances mineralisation	[130]
		↓ FABP4 and LPL expression
		↑ ALP, OCN expression
34-hydroxycholesterol	M2-10B4 bone marrow stromal cells	Reduces adipogenesis and improves mineralization	[131]
		↓ PPARγ2, LPL and FABP4 expression
		↑ OSX, ALP, BSP, and OCN expression
49-hydroxycholesterol	M2-10B4 bone marrow stromal cells	Reduces adipogenesis and improves mineralization	[131]
		↓ PPARγ2, LPL and FABP4 expression
		↑ OSX, ALP, BSP, and OCN expression
(−)-Epigallochatechin	Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes	↓ Triglyceride accumulation, ↓ PPARγ and C/EBPα expression	[132]
		Phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC
		↑ LRP 5 and 6, DVL 2, and 3 expression	[133]
		↓ PPARγ, C/EBPα, FABP4, LPL, and FAS expression	[134]
		↓ PPARγ, C/EBPα, SREBP1c, aP2, LPL, and FAS expression	[135]
	Mice	↑ HSL, ATGL, CPT-1, and UCP2 expression
		↓ Fat tissue formation
Genistein	3T3-L1 preadipocytes	Inhibits adipogenesis and promote lipolysis	[136,137,138]
		↓ PPARγ and C/EBPα expression
	Mice	↓ LPL expression and adipose tissue formation	[139]
	Human primary adipocytes	inhibits lipid accumulation	[140]
		↓ GPDH activity FABP, STREPB1, and FAS expression
	Human adipose tissue-MSC	Inhibits adipogenic differentiation	[141]
		↓ PPARγ, GLUT-4, and SREBP-1c expression
Resveratrol	3T3-L1 cells preadipocytes	Decreases lipid accumulation	[142]
		↓ C/EBPα, LPL, FAS, and SREBP-1c expression
		Inhibits adipocyte differentiation	[143]
		↓ C/EBPβ, PPARγ, C/EBPα, and FABP4 expression
	Mice	Reduces body weight	[144]
		↓ PPARγ and FAS expression

↑ increase in expression; ↓ decrease in expression.