Table 1.
Summary of primary studies on PDT in non-small cell lung cancer.
| Author, Publication Year | Study Type, n | Effect of Intervention | Median Follow-up Period (Range) | Complications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ROLC | ||||
| Noordegraaf, 2003 [15] | Case series, 32 (5 patients received BT + PDT) | 5 y OS: 50% | 5.3 years (2–11) | Local recurrence, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, metastasis, death |
| Endo, 2009 [17] | Case series, 48 | 5 y OS: 81%; 10 y OS: 71% |
5.25 years (1–12) | Local recurrence, second primary lung cancer, death |
| Cortese, 1997 [18] | Case series, 21 | 5 y OS: 72% | 5.7 years (2–9.7) | Local recurrence, second primary lung cancer, death |
| Imamura, 1994 [19] | Case series, 29 | 5 y OS: 56% | 4 years (0.4–6.3) | Local recurrence, pyothorax, pulmonary hypertension, respiratory insufficiency, second primary lung cancer, death |
| Kato, 1993 [20] | Case series, 58 | CR: 82.8% | Not reported | Skin photosensitivity |
| Furuse, 1993 [24] | Phase II study, 54 | CR: 85% | Not reported | Elevation of ALT, pulmonary toxicity, allergic reaction, sunburn |
| Ono, 1992 [26] | Case series, 36 | 5 y OS: 43.4% | 3.75 years (1–6) | Acute leukemia, photosensitivity, excessive airway secretion, local recurrence |
| Kato, 2003 [27] | Phase II study, 41 | CR: 83%; OS not reported | Not reported | Increased CRP and sputum, cough, fever, neutropenia, leukocytosis, photosensitivity |
| Patelli, 1999 [28] | Case series, 23 | CR: 62% | Not reported | Photosensitivity |
| Edell, 1992 [29] | Case series, 13 | CR: 71% | 1.8 years (0.6–4.1) | Increased blood-tinged sputum, sunburns |
| Non-ROLC | ||||
| Balchum, 1984 [30] | Case series, 22 | CR: 91% | Not reported | Not reported |
| Li, 1984 [31] | Case series, 21 | CR: 12.5% | At least 0.3 years | No major complications reported |
| Miyazu, 2002 [32] | Case series, 12 | CR: 75% | 2.3 years (1–3.5) | Not reported |
| Kato, 1997 [33] | Case series, 26 | CR: 82.6% | Not reported | Mild skin photosensitivity |
| Kato, 1996 [34] | Case series, 240 | CR: 39.6% | Not reported | No major complications |
| Furukawa, 2005 [36] | Case series, 93 | 5 y OS: 57.9% | 0.1–5 years | Not reported |
| Mccaughan, 1986 [37] | Case series, 18 | CR: 40% | Not reported | Local recurrence, second primary lung cancer |
| Kato, 1997 [38] | Case series, 95 | CR: 81% | 0.2–16.3 years | Photosensitization |
| Lam, 1987 [40] | RCT, 11 | CR: 40% | 0.3–1 years | Excess sputum, hemoptysis, dysphagia, nausea, pruritus, hypercalcemia |
| Furukawa, 1999 [41] | Case series, 78 | CR: 75% | Not reported | Pneumonia, fever, skin sensitivity |
| Santos, 2004 [42] | Case series, 75 | 3 y OS: 50% | 0.6–1.5 years | No major complications |
| Diaz-Jiménez, 1999 [2] | RCT, 31 | CR: 7% | Not reported | Bronchitis, photosensitization, cough, death |
| LoCicero, 1990 [43] | Case series, 10 | 1 y OS: 30% | Not reported | Sunburn, mild anasarca |
| Moghissi, 1999 [44] | Case series, 100 | 2 y OS: 19% | 1–6 years | Redness of face, mild edema, sunburn |
| Hugh-Jones, 1987 [45] | Case series, 15 | CR: 30% | Not reported | Infection, breathing obstruction |
| Vincent, 1984 [46] | Case series, 17 | CR: 12% | Not reported | Excess secretions, fever, pneumonia, endotracheal candidiasis |
Abbreviations: n = sample size; y = years; PDT = photodynamic therapy; NSCLC = non-small cell lung cancer; ROLC = radiographically occult lung cancer; BT = bronchoscopic treatment; OS = overall survival; CR = complete response; CRP = C-reactive protein; RCT = randomized controlled trial.