Table 5.
Cancer health risk results from exposure to arsenic and cadmium by artisanal mine workers in the Prestea Huni Valley District.
| Sampling Point | Communities | Exposure Medium | Exposure Route | Cancer Risk | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenic | Cadmium | ||||||
| CTE | RME | CTE | RME | ||||
| River Anikoko | Brakwaline | Sediment | Oral | 3.2 × 10−5 | 6.2 × 10−4 | 8.4 × 10−6 | 6.1 × 10−4 |
| Dermal | 1.9 × 10−6 | 7.6 × 10−4 | 2.1 × 10−6 | 2.1 × 10−4 | |||
| Water | Oral | 4.3 × 10−3 | 1.3 × 10−2 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 7.1 × 10−2 | ||
| Dermal | 3.0 × 10−3 | 4.0 × 10−3 | 4.3 × 10−3 | 3.2 × 10−2 | |||
| River Abodwesh | Himan | Sediment | Oral | 4.3 × 10−4 | 1.3 × 10−2 | 7.6 × 10−6 | 5.2 × 10−4 |
| Dermal | 8.0 × 10−4 | 6.0 × 10−3 | 2.1 × 10−6 | 1.8 × 10−4 | |||
| Water | Oral | 1.6 × 10−3 | 4.9 × 10−2 | 2.2 × 10−3 | 6.6 × 10−2 | ||
| Dermal | 3.0 × 10−3 | 2.3 × 10−2 | 4.1 × 10−3 | 3.1 × 10−2 | |||
| River Amenkume | Prestea | Sediment | Oral | 1.3 × 10−5 | 9.3 × 10−4 | 2.8 × 10−6 | 6.8 × 10−2 |
| Dermal | 3.9 × 10−6 | 3.3 × 10−4 | 8.4 × 10−7 | 3.1 × 10−2 | |||
| Water | Oral | 4.7 × 10−4 | 6.7 × 10−4 | 7.7 × 10−4 | 6.5 × 10−3 | ||
| Dermal | 3.2 × 10−5 | 5.1 × 10−4 | 4.5 × 104 | 7.5 × 10−3 | |||
| River Ankobra | Prestea | Sediment | Oral | 7.6 × 10−4 | 2.7 × 10−4 | 9.6 × 10−3 | 9.8 × 10−3 |
| Dermal | 5.2 × 10−4 | 4.0 × 10−4 | 7.6 × 10−5 | 7.6 × 10−4 | |||
| Water | Oral | 1.4 × 10−4 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 1.9 × 10−3 | 1.3 × 10−2 | ||
| Dermal | 4.1 × 10−4 | 1.4 × 10−3 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 1.2 × 10−2 | |||
| River Dinyame | Himan | Sediment | Oral | 3.6 × 10−4 | 2.4 × 10−4 | 1.8 × 10−3 | 1.8 × 10−2 |
| Dermal | 1.0 × 10−4 | 8.4 × 10−3 | 1.6 × 10−3 | 1.5 × 10−2 | |||
| Water | Oral | 6.0 × 10−3 | 5.3 × 10−3 | 8.4 × 10−2 | 3.3 × 10−2 | ||
| Dermal | 7.1 × 10−3 | 1.8 × 10−3 | 6.7 × 10−3 | 6.1 × 10−2 | |||
| River Anfoe | Anofe | Sediment | Oral | 7.6 × 10−5 | 2.4 × 10−4 | 1.9 × 10−5 | 2.9 × 10−2 |
| Dermal | 5.3 × 10−4 | 3.2 × 10−5 | 5.6 × 10−3 | 2.3 × 10−2 | |||
| Water | Oral | 2.6 × 10−3 | 7.7 × 10−2 | 1.9 × 10−3 | 1.3 × 10−2 | ||
| Dermal | 4.7 × 10−3 | 3.5 × 10−2 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 1.2 × 10−2 | |||
| River Woawora | Dumase | Sediment | Oral | 3.2 × 10−3 | 2.5 × 10−3 | 9.0 × 10−2 | 7.8 × 10−2 |
| Dermal | 9.8 × 10−3 | 8.1 × 10−3 | 7.2 × 10−2 | 5.6 × 10−2 | |||
| Water | Oral | 4.0 × 10−2 | 3.1 × 10−2 | 8.8 × 10−2 | 7.5 × 10−2 | ||
| Dermal | 4.9 × 10−2 | 1.4 × 10−2 | 5.8 × 10−2 | 5.3 × 10−2 | |||
| River Benyan | Dumase | Sediment | Oral | 4.3 × 10−6 | 6.1 × 10−4 | 2.8 × 10−2 | 7.5 × 10−2 |
| Dermal | 2.3 × 10−3 | 1.1 × 10−4 | 5.4 × 10−3 | 8.4 × 10−3 | |||
| Water | Oral | 2.3 × 10−3 | 6.9 × 10−2 | 4.5 × 10−2 | 8.3 × 10−2 | ||
| Dermal | 4.2 × 10−3 | 3.2 × 10−2 | 6.2 × 10−2 | 7.3 × 10−2 | |||
| River Mansi | Dumase | Sediment | Oral | 3.8 × 10−3 | 5.9 × 10−2 | 2.3 × 10−5 | 3.7 × 10−4 |
| Dermal | 1.3 × 10−3 | 4.7 × 10−2 | 7.1 × 10−6 | 2.9 × 10−4 | |||
| Water | Oral | 3.1 × 10−3 | 4.3 × 10−2 | 4.5 × 10−2 | 7.4 × 10−2 | ||
| Dermal | 1.3 × 10−3 | 9.9 × 10−2 | 5.6 × 10−3 | 5.9 × 10−3 | |||