Table 3.

Longitudinal associations of cognitive appraisals and coping strategies with physical functioning; auto-regressive models tested with generalized estimated equations

	Range	Auto-regressive model
Independent variable		Model 1b	P-value	Model 2c	P-value
Cognitive appraisals
Consequences	0–10	−0.62 (-1.03; -0.20)	0.003	−0.54 (-1.02; -0.06)	0.027
Concerns	0–10	−0.30 (-0.59; -0.01)	0.045	−0.21 (-0.54; 0.11)	0.195
Emotional representations	0–10	−0.05 (-0.33; 0.23)	0.717	0.10 (-0.25; 0.45)	0.570
Self-efficacya	6–60	0.26 (0.17; 0.36)	<0.001	0.22 (0.12; 0.31)	<0.001
Catastrophizing	0–6	−0.87 (-1.41; -0.33)	0.002	−0.67 (-1.26; -0.07)	0.028
Cognitive coping
Ignoring paina	0–6	−0.02 (-0.53; 0.50)	0.953	−0.02 (-0.54; 0.49)	0.929
Positive self-statementa	0–6	0.10 (-0.32; 0.53)	0.632	−0.01 (-0.44; 0.42)	0.956
Behavioural coping
Increasing activity levelsa	0–6	0.06 (-0.43; 0.54)	0.823	0.05 (-0.44; 0.54)	0.839
Activity avoidance	5–20	−0.37 (-0.62; -0.12)	0.004	−0.32 (-0.57; -0.08)	0.008

^ahigher score is positive

^bmodel 1 = adjusted for time

^cmodel 2 = adjusted for time and time-independent covariates: age, gender and education and time-dependent covariates: pain intensity, anxiety and depression