Table 4.

New folk medicinal reports for Kurdistan found in the current study

Plant scientific name	New folk medicinal plant reports	Folk medicinal reports previously recorded in the Kurdish ethnobotany
Adiantum capillus-veneris L.	Asthma, carminative, diarrhea, warts	Kidney and bladder stones, diuretic, cough [28, 29], abdominal pain [34].
Apium graveolens L.	Anemia, colon problems	Diuretic, dysmenorrhea and rheumatism, arthritis, stimulant, carminative, tonic.
Anethum graveolens L.	Kidney and liver problems, back and arthritis pain	Carminative for flatulence in children, cough, children’s stomach pain [5], hypercholesterolemia [23, 30].
Althaea officinalis L.	Burns, cough, chest inflammation	Irritation and inflammation of the mucous membranes [25].
Artemisia absinthium L.	Anemia, obesity, abdominal pain	Diabetes, shortness of breath [30], eczema, coughing, headache, stomach-ache, wound healing [32].
Allium sativum L.	Anti-dandruff, intestinal worms, stimulant, rheumatism, cholera, alopecia areata, tuberculosis, plague	Hypertension [23, 26, 29, 35] ringworm [29], common cold, anticancer and antibacterial agents, enhancing immunity, hypercholesterolemia [23].
Allium roseum L.	Abdominal and duodenal pain, headache	None.
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.	Headache, toothache, indigestion	None.
Arum maculatum L.	Intestinal worms	Rheumatism [36].
Borago officinalis L.	Cough, hoarseness, asthma, bronchitis, abdominal pain	None.
Curcuma longa L.	Facial massage, arthritis pain, fat-burning, spice, antiviral and anticancer agents	None.
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.	Laxative, arthritis pain	Diabetes [12, 28], wounds [12].
Cichorium intybus L.	Constipation, blood cholesterol, anemia, colon problems and skin sensitivity	Antihypertensive, prostate problems, stomach ache [30], burns, stomach-ache [32], hemorrhoids, urinary disorders [36].
Cinnamomum cassia (Nees & T.Nees) J.Presl	Stimulant, stress, tuberculosis, clear arteries, improves kidney function	Antibacterial, general tonic, diuretic, renal failure, anemia, sexual tonic for men [5] antidiabetic [24, 28], hyperglycemia, cough, flatulence, common cold, and pinworm [28].
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.	Inflammation, urinary and digestive problems	None.
Cucumis melo L.	Stomach pain, colon problems, diabetes, diarrhea, intestinal inflammation	None.
Crocus sativus L.	Headache, boosting brainpower and sexual function	Sedation [28], metabolism stimulant [5, 28], carminative, fever and depression [5], breezy, tonic for heart and culinary use [12], Infertility [34].
Ceratonia siliqua L.	Abdominal pain, diarrhea	None.
Crataegus azarolus L.	Bladder inflammation	Antihypertensive, headache [12], anti-diabetic, rheumatism [24, 35], insomnia, joint pain, stress [24, 35], ulcer [35], cardiac disorder [12, 24, 26, 27, 29, 35, 37], vasodilators [19, 27, 29], circulation problems, spasm, sedative, to take out heel spur, nail, bullet [37], renal caculi [34], embolism [35], stomach-ache [35], asthma, hemorrhoids [35].
Carum carvi L.	Immunity, antioxidants, anemia, sleeplessness, indigestion, increasing breast milk	Digestive system, stomach pain, flavoring agent and mild laxative [5], appetizing, digestive [27], carminative, abdominal pain [28].
Carlina acaulis L.	Diuretic	None.
Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G.Martens	Gastric ulcer, bacterial gastroenteritis, diabetes, intestinal worms	Eye sight [28].
Eremurus spectabilis M.Bieb.	Arthritis, intestinal worms	Rheumatism [27], diabetes, digestive [35], sedative [37].
Fumaria officinalis L.	Mange	Tonic, diaphoretic, sporadic stomach and antispasmodic [5], stomach-ache [27], fomentation in painful swellings, stomach pain, febrifuge, blood purifier and antispasmodic [5], dermal discords, wound, eczema [12], hemorrhoids [26, 27], sore [33].
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.	Cough, rheumatism, oral herpes, liver cirrhosis	Pneumonia, sour eructations, duodenal inflammation, kidney pain, abdominal pain [28], digestive [29, 36], high cholesterol [29], cardiac disorders, diabetes [30], vaginitis, quit smoking, anti-ulcer, anti-aphthous [34], stomach-ache [36].
Hibiscus sabdariffa L.	None	Obesity, restorative, anti-hypertensive, sedative, dyspnea [28].
Lavandula angustifolia Mill.	Intestinal worms, antispasmodic	None.
Linum usitatissimum L.	Rheumatism, colon problems, antispasmodic, skin burns, gallstones, thyroid problems	Obesity, hypercholesterolemia, perfume, apply on body or clothes, witchcraft, expel lochia [28].
Lactuca sativa L.	Kidney stones	Typhoid fever, emollient for skin, hypnotic and narcotic [5].
Mentha spicata L.	Headache, strengthen hair, hiccups, diarrhea, cough, skin diseases, leg pain	Colds [19, 26, 27, 29, 33, 35, 36], flu [19, 27, 29, 35, 36], stomach ache [19, 33], antispasmodic [27], vomit [29], food poisoning [2], appetite [35], respiratory problem [35, 36].
Mentha piperita L.	Flatulence, thoracic pain, indigestion, skin sensitivity, appetizing, colon problems, stomach pain, carminative	None.
Malva parviflora L.	Diarrhea	Pectoral, expectorant, laxative [5, 32], interstitial infection, laxative, sore throat, asthma [12], diuretic, urinary inflammations [19, 27, 34], stomach ache [26], hemorrhoids [27], abscess, hematomas, anti-inflammatory [29, 34], joint pain [29], gastric pain [30, 32], wound healing [30, 32, 34, 36, 37], rheumatism [32], abdominal pain, infertility [34], mastitis, psoriasis, vaginal candidiasis [36], respiratory problems, digestion problems, abortifacient [37], hair loss and constipation [33], anti-inflammatory, infertility, urinary inflammations [35], headache [32].
Matricaria chamomilla L.	Hypertension, stomach inflammation, blood circulation, kidney stones, intestinal worms, anxiety, diuretic, headache, throat pain	Wounds, diarrhea [35], cough, tonsillitis, dyspnea [shortness of breath], common cold, asthma, polyps, flatulence, abdominal pain, pharyngitis, black pigments on face, facial rash, acne, skin burns, skin tonic, hair loss, jaundice [28].
Medicago sativa L.	Osteomalacia	Tonic and fattening [12], skin bleeding [30], stomach-ache, coagulation, infection [33].
Nasturtium officinale R.Br.	Rheumatism and bone diseases	Stomachic [12, 35], anti-parasite [12], antidiabetic [24], vaginitis [34], antihypertensive [35].
Nonea versicolor (Stev.) Sweet	Hair loss, skin diseases	Snake bite [30].
Nigella sativa L.	Eye problems, joint pain and inflammation, chest pain, headache	Repelling gases, antibacterial, antiviral, sexual tonic, enhance memory, tonic and allergy, enhance immune system [23, 28], bronchitis and asthma [23], diabetes, antihypertensive, cancer, pneumonia, tonsillitis, hyperlipidemia, blood circulation, restorative [28], galactogogue, anti-hyperpigmentation, anti-scar [34].
Ocimum basilicum L.	Bad breath, skin, cancer, quit smoking	Stomach-ache [29], headache [34], colds and flu [35], abdominal pain [36].
Olea europaea L.	None	Diabetes [28].
Pimpinella anisum L.	Menopause (menstruation), diarrhea (particularly in children), increasing breast milk, ascaris worms, stomachic, appetizing, sleeplessness.	Carminative, culinary remedy [12, 37], flu, cough, diuretic, analgesic, indigestion, anxiety [23], flatulence [23, 28], asthma, female fertility [ovulatory stimulant], hypochondria, agony, colonitis, antihypertensive, abdominal pain, urolithiasis [28].
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss	Sexual problems, facial massage, diuretic, appetizing, problem	Kidney stones, mouth sores [29].
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb	Thoracic inflammation, cough, kidney stones, cold	Rheumatoid arthritis, strengthens hair, eye pain, hypercholesterolemia, facial treatment [28].
Pelargonium roseum Willd.	Headache, hemorrhoids, burns	None.
Plantago lanceolata L.	Mange	Antipyretic [29], wound healing [29, 30, 32–37], diabetes [30], gastric pain [30, 32], hemorrhoids [30, 32, 33], coughs, infections, pains [33], overcoming infertility in women [34], embolism, abscess [35], urinary inflammations [35, 36], expectorant, tonsillitis [36].
Quercus infectoria G.Olivier.	None	Oral sores, wounds [28], diabetes [29], burns [34], toothache [36].
Ricinus communis L.	Skin diseases, colon problems, thoracic pain, warts	Purgative, strengthens hair [28].
Rosa spp.	Constipation, abdominal pain	Indigestion, diuretic, blood cells, sedatives [12], antiseptic [19, 27], diabetes [19, 24, 26, 27, 29, 34], flu [19, 27, 32, 35], antitussive [29, 30], coughing [32], expectorant, kidney stones [35], colds, [19, 27, 29, 30, 32, 35–37], hemorrhoids [35, 36].
Ranunculus ficaria L.	Hemorrhoids, arthritis	None.
Rosa canina L.	Diuretic, blood cell disorders, sedative	None.
Rosmarinus officinalis L.	Headache, blood circulation	Enhances memory and concentration [28].
Raphanus sativus L.	Kidney stones, gallstones, increasing breast milk, diuretic	None.
Rheum ribes L.	None	Hypertension [12, 23], triglyceride [12], hypoglycemic [23], urinary inflammations [19], digestive, diuretic, constipation, high cholesterol [27], kidney stones [27, 29, 34, 35], diabetes [29, 30, 32, 35, 36], headache [32], rheumatic pain control, anti-diarrhea [34], asthma, cardiac disorder [35].
Syzygium aromaticum L.	Indigestion, stress, insomnia, intestinal gas	Toothache, painkiller, headache, asthma, ingredient [28].
Spinacia oleracea L.	Weight loss, phlegm, rickets, bad breath, tuberculosis	None.
Salvia officinalis L.	None	Regulate menstrual cycle, hypoglycemic, hypercholesterolemia, flatulence, antibacterial, fever [23], Alzheimer’s, cough, digestive, flu, tonsillitis [27], appetite stimulant, female fertility, female aphrodisiac [28], women fertility and infections, cold, anti-fever [12], antidiabetic [24], diabetes disease, cold and flu [26, 29, 36], digestive, tonsillitis [36], antacid [36], sedative, bleeding, cold, diarrhea, sedative, digestive [37].
Senna alexandrina Mill.	Constipation	Purgative, obesity, diarrhea, colonitis [28].
Salix alba L.	Cold, blood circulation	Anti-fever [12, 37], diabetes [29], toothache [30], headache [34], analgesic [35, 36], infertility [35], sinusitis [35, 36], restorative [37].
Trifolium alexandrinum L.	Colic	None.
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg	Tuberculosis	Arthralgia, diuretic [27], digestive [29].
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.	Anemia, sore throat, rheumatism	Skin inflammation [28], irritable bowel,appetizimg, hypoglycemic, diuretic, stimulate lactation, sexual tonic in women, UTI, renal stones [23], diabetes, hemostatic for diabetics, vulnerary, antihypertensive, infection in body, appetite stimulant, sedative, catarrh, lactation, enhances sperm production, hypercholesterolemia [28].
Tribulus terrestris L.	Urinary problems, enhance sexual function	Diarrhea [27, 36], antihypertensive [29], kidney stones [30, 35], dissolves renal caculi, ulcer [34], asthma, cardiac disorder [35], cardiac disorder, hemorrhoids, vasodilators [36].
Thymus vulgaris L.	Anti-dandruff, spice, chest pain, colon problems, asthma, diarrhea, blood cholesterol, urinary system problems, menopause	Gingivitis, dyspepsia, appetizing, abdominal cramps, antifungal, anthelmintic, expectorant, tonic, enhance immune system, cystitis and nephritis [23].
Urtica dioica L.	Anemia	Arthralgia, colds, flu [19, 27, 32], diabetes [19, 27, 29, 32], throat diseases, painkiller and to reduce blood sugar level [26], rheumatism [27, 30, 32, 35], losing weight [27], bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, cough, respiratory disease, tonsillitis [29] colds [30], cancers [30, 32, 36], stomach ache [32], analgesic, arthritis, digestive, diuretic, genital disorders, hemorrhoids, hepatitis, leptotrichia [35], digestive, diuretic, genital disorders, hemorrhoids [36], urinary system, ulcer, constipation [36].
Viola odorata L.	Diarrhea, digestive problems, skin disorders, typhoid disease and gum disease	Gastritis, gastric and kidney pain [30], prostate [36].
Ziziphus jujuba Mill	Sore throat and asthma	None.
Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Asthma, cold, weight loss, chest pain, spice, back pain, facial massage, bronchitis, stomach inflammation, nausea, blood sugar, stimulant	Hypercholesterolemia, sexual tonic, regulate blood circulation, hemorrhoid, stomach and respiratory problems [23], obesity, flatulence, abdominal pain, cough, tonsillitis, prostate problems, tonsillitis, female fertility, pneumonia, enhances bile secretion, body pain, Malta fever, restorative, rheumatism, blood circulation, sweating, colonitis, antihypertensive [28].