Table 2.
Sample Characteristics at Age 17 Years Among Female Youth, by Socially Assigned Gender Expression, in the Growing Up Today Study (N =4913)
| Very Gender Conforming | Mostly Gender Conforming | Gender Nonconforming | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1363) | (n = 3200) | (n = 350) | |||||
| Characteristics | |||||||
| YOUTH FACTORS | |||||||
| Sexual Orientation (n, %) | |||||||
| Completely heterosexual | 1258 | 92.3 | 2578 | 80.6 | 210 | 60.0 | |
| Mostly heterosexual | 87 | 6.4 | 517 | 16.2 | 91 | 26.0 | <0.0001 |
| Bisexual | 13 | 1.0 | 68 | 2.1 | 21 | 6.0 | |
| Lesbian | 5 | 0.4 | 37 | 1.2 | 28 | 8.0 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) at Age 17 Years (m, std. dev.) | 21.3 | 2.9 | 22.2 | 3.4 | 23.3 | 3.7 | <0.0001 |
| Youth Weight-Related Behaviorsb | |||||||
| Binge Eating (n, %) | |||||||
| Yes | 73 | 5.4 | 202 | 6.3 | 30 | 8.6 | |
| No | 1289 | 94.6 | 2991 | 93.5 | 320 | 91.4 | 0.0485 |
| Missing | 1 | 0.1 | 7 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Dieting (m, std. dev.) | 2.2 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 0.0369 |
| Fasting (m, std. dev.) | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6940 |
| Breakfast (m, std. dev.) | 3.5 | 0.9 | 3.5 | 0.9 | 3.3 | 1.0 | 0.1269 |
| Family Dinner (m, std. dev.) | 3.0 | 0.9 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 0.0960 |
| Fast Food (m, std. dev.) | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.3053 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (m, std. dev.) | 2.5 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 0.0667 |
| Physical Activity (m, std. dev.) | 9.4 | 7.5 | 9.0 | 7.4 | 9.7 | 8.4 | 0.9752 |
| TV Viewing (m, std. dev.) | 6.2 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 6.0 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 0.2960 |
| Sleep (m, std. dev.) | 4.1 | 1.1 | 4.1 | 1.1 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 0.4761 |
| MATERNAL FACTORS | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) at Age 18 Years (m, std. dev.) | 20.8 | 2.7 | 21.0 | 2.8 | 21.6 | 3.1 | 0.0020 |
| Annual Household Income (n, %) | |||||||
| Less than $74,999 | 428 | 31.4 | 961 | 30.0 | 118 | 33.7 | |
| $75,000-$99,999 | 234 | 17.2 | 617 | 19.3 | 64 | 18.3 | |
| $100,000-$149,000 | 292 | 21.4 | 665 | 20.8 | 84 | 24.0 | 0.4041 |
| $150,000 and above | 194 | 14.2 | 411 | 12.8 | 36 | 10.3 | |
| Missing income | 215 | 15.8 | 546 | 17.1 | 48 | 13.7 | |
a Bold indicates statistical significance at P<0.05.
Youth Weight-Related Behaviors: Binge eating (binary, any binge eating in the past year); Dieting (ordinal, five levels ranging from never to always); Fasting (ordinal, five levels ranging from never to 2-6 times per week/daily); Breakfast (days per week; ordinal, four levels ranging from never to 5 or more times per week); Family dinner (days/week; ordinal, four levels ranging from never to 5 or more times per week); Fast food (days/week; ordinal, four levels ranging from never to daily); Sugar-sweetened beverages (servings/day; ordinal, seven levels ranging from never/less than once per month to 3 or more servings per day); Physical activity (hours/week in moderate/vigorous activity; ordinal, seven levels ranging from 0 to 11 or more hours); TV viewing (hours/week viewing TV; ordinal, eight levels ranging from 0 to 18 or more hours); Sleep (hours sleep/night; ordinal, eight levels ranging from less than 5 to 11 or more hours).