Table 3.
Sample Characteristics at Age 17 Years Among Male Youth, by Socially Assigned Gender Expression, in the Growing Up Today Study (N =1736)
| Very Gender Conforming | Mostly Gender Conforming | Gender Nonconforming | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 712) | (n = 958) | (n = 66) | |||||
| Characteristics | |||||||
| YOUTH FACTORS | |||||||
| Sexual Orientation (n, %) | |||||||
| Completely heterosexual | 681 | 95.7 | 787 | 82.2 | 35 | 53.0 | |
| Mostly heterosexual Bisexual | 26 0 | 3.7 0.0 | 105 15 | 11.0 1.6 | 9 2 | 13.6 3.0 | <0.0001 |
| Gay | 5 | 0.7 | 51 | 5.3 | 20 | 30.3 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) at Age 17 Years (m, std. dev.) | 23.7 | 4.1 | 23.0 | 3.7 | 22.8 | 4.1 | 0.1012 |
| Youth Weight-Related Behaviorsb | |||||||
| Binge Eating (n, %) | |||||||
| Yes | 5 | 0.7 | 15 | 1.6 | 6 | 9.1 | |
| No | 707 | 99.3 | 942 | 98.3 | 59 | 89.4 | 0.0024 |
| Missing | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 1.5 | |
| Dieting (m, std. dev.) | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.9803 |
| Fasting (m, std. dev.) | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.0144 |
| Breakfast (m, std. dev.) | 3.5 | 0.9 | 3.5 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 0.0962 |
| Family Dinner (m, std. dev.) | 3.1 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 0.0178 |
| Fast Food (m, std. dev.) | 1.8 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.1618 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (m, std. dev.) | 3.7 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 1.8 | 0.0002 |
| Physical Activity (m, std. dev.) | 11.5 | 7.8 | 9.4 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 6.9 | <0.0001 |
| TV Viewing (m, std. dev.) | 8.2 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 0.0435 |
| Sleep (m, std. dev.) | 4.3 | 1.0 | 4.1 | 1.1 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 0.0010 |
| MATERNAL FACTORS | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) at Age 18 Years (m, std. dev.) | 20.9 | 2.8 | 21.1 | 3.0 | 21.8 | 4.5 | 0.1395 |
| Annual Household Income (n, %) | |||||||
| Less than $74,999 | 235 | 33.0 | 280 | 29.2 | 20 | 30.3 | |
| $75,000-$99,999 | 151 | 21.2 | 173 | 18.1 | 11 | 16.7 | |
| $100,000-$149,000 | 141 | 19.8 | 219 | 22.9 | 17 | 25.8 | 0.0891 |
| $150,000 and above | 80 | 11.2 | 145 | 15.1 | 5 | 7.6 | |
| Missing income | 105 | 14.8 | 141 | 14.7 | 13 | 19.7 | |
a Bold indicates statistical significance at P<0.05.
Youth Weight-Related Behaviors: Binge eating (binary, any binge eating in the past year); Dieting (ordinal, five levels ranging from never to always); Fasting (ordinal, five levels ranging from never to 2-6 times per week/daily); Breakfast (days per week; ordinal, four levels ranging from never to 5 or more times per week); Family dinner (days/week; ordinal, four levels ranging from never to 5 or more times per week); Fast food (days/week; ordinal, four levels ranging from never to daily); Sugar-sweetened beverages (servings/day; ordinal, seven levels ranging from never/less than once per month to 3 or more servings per day); Physical activity (hours/week in moderate/vigorous activity; ordinal, seven levels ranging from 0 to 11 or more hours); TV viewing (hours/week viewing TV; ordinal, eight levels ranging from 0 to 18 or more hours); Sleep (hours sleep/night; ordinal, eight levels ranging from less than 5 to 11 or more hours).