Table 4.
Adjusted GEE Linear Modelsa Estimating Socially Assigned Gender Expression Group Differences in BMI (kg/m2) Using Lagged Predictors and Repeated Measures from 1996 to 2011 Among Female Adolescents and Young Adults in the Growing Up Today Study1&2
| Females # observations=29,406 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Base Model | Model Adjusted for Sexual Orientation | Model Adjusted for Weight-Related Behaviors | |
| B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | |
| PREDICTORS | |||
| Socially Assigned Gender Expression | |||
| Very gender conforming | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mostly gender conforming | 0.53 (0.28, 0.78) | 0.51 (0.25, 0.76) | 0.52 (0.27, 0.77) |
| Gender nonconforming | 1.23 (0.74, 1.73) | 1.17 (0.65, 1.68) | 1.13 (0.64, 1.62) |
| Age | |||
| Age | 0.47 (0.46, 0.48) | 0.47 (0.46, 0.48) | 0.47 (0.46, 0.48) |
| Age squared | −0.03 (−0.03, −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.03, −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.03, −0.02) |
| Sexual Orientation | |||
| Completely heterosexual | Reference | Reference | |
| Mostly heterosexual | 0.14 (−0.17, 0.45) | 0.11 (−0.19, 0.41) | |
| Bisexual | 0.50 (−0.43, 1.44) | 0.52 (−0.36, 1.40) | |
| Lesbian | 0.67 (−0.13, 1.47) | 0.65 (−0.15, 1.44) | |
| Weight-Related Behaviors | |||
| Dieting | 0.24 (0.20, 0.28) | ||
| Fasting | −0.09 (−0.16, −0.02) | ||
| Breakfast | −0.16 (−0.23, −0.09) | ||
| Fast food | 0.07 (0.01, 0.14) | ||
| Physical activity | −0.01 (−0.02, −0.01) | ||
| TV viewing | 0.02 (0.01, 0.02) | ||
a
All models control for GUTS cohort, race/ethnicity, mother's income, and mother's BMI at 18 years of age. Bolding indicates statistical significance at P<0.05.