Table 5.
Adjusted GEE Linear Modelsa Estimating Socially Assigned Gender Expression Group Differences in BMI (kg/m2) Using Lagged Predictors and Repeated Measures from 1996 to 2011 Among Male Adolescents and Young Adults in the Growing Up Today Study1&2
| Males # observations=12,516 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Base Model | Model Adjusted for Sexual Orientation | Model Adjusted for Weight-Related Behaviors | |
| B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | |
| PREDICTORS | |||
| Socially Assigned Gender Expression | |||
| Very gender conforming | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mostly gender conforming | −0.67 (−1.09, −0.25) | −0.64 (−1.06, −0.22) | −0.63 (−1.03, −0.22) |
| Gender nonconforming | −1.99 (−2.76, −1.21) | −1.88 (−2.75, −1.01) | −1.78 (−2.63, −0.93) |
| Age | |||
| Age | 0.64 (0.61, 0.67) | 0.65 (0.62, 0.68) | 0.65 (0.62, 0.68) |
| Age squared | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.02) | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.02) | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.02) |
| Interactions: Gender Expression-by-age | |||
| Very gender conforming-by-age | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mostly gender conforming-by-age | −0.09 (−0.12, −0.05) | −0.07 (−0.11, −0.03) | −0.07 (−0.11, −0.03) |
| Gender nonconforming-by-age | −0.14 (−0.24, −0.05) | −0.05 (−0.16, 0.06) | −0.05 (−0.15, 0.06) |
| Sexual Orientation | |||
| Completely heterosexual | Reference | Reference | |
| Mostly heterosexual | −0.43 (−1.10, 0.24) | −0.41 (−1.04, 0.23) | |
| Bisexual | 0.95 (−1.43, 3.32) | 0.90 (−1.41, 3.20) | |
| Gay | −0.29 (−1.73, 1.16) | −0.44 (−1.82, 0.94) | |
| Interactions: Orientation-by-Age | |||
| Mostly Heterosexual-by-age | −0.04 (−0.11, 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.11, 0.03) | |
| Bisexual-by-age | −0.04 (−0.21, 0.12) | −0.03 (−0.19, 0.12) | |
| Gay-by-age | −0.25 (−0.36, −0.14) | −0.24 (−0.34, −0.13) | |
| Weight-Related Behaviors | |||
| Dieting | 0.38 (0.29, 0.47) | ||
| Fast food | 0.11 (0.02, 0.20) | ||
| Physical activity | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01) | ||
| TV viewing | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | ||
a
All models control for GUTS cohort, race/ethnicity, mother's income, and mother's BMI at 18 years of age. Bolding indicates statistical significance at P<0.05.