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. 2016 Jan 28;8(1):21–49. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v8.i1.21

Table 1.

Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in healthy human liver using a mono-exponential fit

Ref. System Field strength (T) Sequence TR/TE (ms/ms) No. of patients/mean age (SD) (yr) b-values (s/mm2) Mean ADC (SD) (× 10-3 mm2/s)
Müller et al[60], 1994 Siemens 1.5 STEAM EPI, BH 2BH/18 10 (7F, 3M)/24 2, 8, 22, 32, 57, 89, 176, 395 1.39 (0.16)
Ichikawa et al[28], 1998 Siemens Vision 1.5 SS SE EPI, BH, FS NR/54 46 (14F, 32M)/58 1.6, 16, 55 2.28 (1.23)
Yamada et al[24], 1999 Siemens Vision 1.5 SS SE EPI, BH, FS NR/123 47 0, 30, 300, 900, 1100 0.87 (0.26)
Kim et al[29], 1999 GE Signa 1.5 SS SE EPI, BH (6s), FS NR/70 P1: 6 (1F, 5M)/29 P2: 48 (18F, 30M)/57 3, 57, 192, 408, 517, 705, 846 b < 850: P1: 1.05 (0.30) P2: 1.02 (0.25) b < 410: P1: 1.55 (0.37) P2: 1.16 (0.42) b < 100: P1: 4.80 (2.37) P2: 3.55 (1.75)
Moteki et al[25], 2002 Siemens Impact 1.0 Turbo FLASH, BH, FA = 12° 8.8/4 46 0, 50.2, 295 1.11 (1.02), 12.3 (5.17)
1Mürtz et al[32], 2002 Philips Intera 1.5 SS EPI, RT, BHE, SPIR + four saturation slabs (1) RT, 4HB/83 (2) 3000/83 12 (4F, 8M)/31 50, 300, 700, 1000, 1300 (1) 0.92-0.96 (0.09-0.14) (2) 1.03-1.14 (0.22-0.40)
Boulanger et al[155], 2003 GE Signa 1.5 SS EPI, BH 3000/52 10 (2F, 8M)/43.5 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 1.79 (0.25)
Chow et al[55], 2003 GE Signa 1.5 SS EPI 3000/(46.9-57.5) 12 (4F, 8M)/29 10, 300 1.697 (0.052)
Taouli et al[47], 2003 Philips Intera 1.5 SS EPI, BH, FS (1) 2400/ 104 14 (1) 0, 500 (1) 1.83 (0.36)
(2) 3106/ 104 (2) 0, 134, 267, 400 (2) 1.51 (0.49)
Taouli et al[39], 2004 Philips Intera 1.5 SS EPI, FS (1800-2400)/(63-83) 10 (3F, 7M)/33 0, 500 NPI: 1.60 (0.13)
PI: 1.52 (0.15)
DTI + PI: 1.51 (0.21)
Deng et al[156], 2006 Siemens Sonata 1.5 (1) SS SE EPI, BH 2000/82 9 0, 502 (1) 1.18 (0.14)
(2) MS PROPELLER, FB, RT, FS + 2 saturation slabs 2000/105 (2) 1.39 (0.19)
Lewin et al[157], 2007 Siemens Maestro 1.5 SS SE EPI, NC, FS 1400/76 20 (9F, 11M)/31.4 (7) 0, 200, 400, 800 1.44 (0.02)
Taouli et al[158], 2007 Siemens Avanto 1.5 SS EPI, BH, FS 1300/(51-71) 7 (2F, 5M)/32 0, 50, 300, 500, 700, 1000 1.66 (0.12)
Luciani et al[159], 2008 Siemens Avanto 1.5 RT 1500/70 25 (13F, 12M)/48 (16) 0, 200, 400, 800 1.39 (0.2)
Bruegel et al[160], 2008 Siemens Avanto 1.5 SS EPI, NC, BH, FS NR/69 102 (46F, 56M)/61 50, 300, 600 1.24 (0.15)
Braithwaite et al[49], 2009 Siemens Trio 3.0 Stimulated echo EPI, FB, FS 3200/76 20 (20M)/34.7 0, 400 2.4 (0.50) E
2Saremi et al[161], 2011 a. Siemens Avanto a. 1.5 SS SE EPI, FS (1) 150/75 13 (2F, 11M)/46 (13) 50, 400, 1000 a. 0.86(0.2)
b. Siemens Trio b. 3.0 (1) BH, no PI (2) 144/72 b. 0.83(0.2)
(2) BH, PI (3) 174/87
(3) FB, PI
Watanabe et al[51], 2011 Philips Achieva 3.0 SS EPI, BH 2291/44 18 0, 500 1.36 (0.11)
Bakan et al[162], 2012 Siemens Avanto 1.5 SS SE EPI, FS 4800/82 25 (11F, 14M)/39.8 (11.4) 0, 500, 1000 1.75 (0.14)
Miquel et al[34], 2012 Philips Achieva 1.5 SS SE EPI, FB (5300-5800)/62 10 (7F, 3M)/32.3 (4.6) 100, 200, 500, 750, 1000 V1: 1.05 (0.04) V2: 1.06 (0.07)
3Andreou et al[163], 2013 Siemens Avanto 1.5 SS SE EPI, NC, RT, FS 5000/68 14 (7F, 7M)/59.7 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 900 1.22
Corona-Villalobos et al[58], 2013 Siemens Avanto 1.5 SS SE EPI, BH (1) 3000/(69-79) 100 (36F, 64M)/60.4 (14.3) (1) 0, 750 (1) 1.22 (0.15)
(2) 2500/(76-95) (2) 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 450, 600, 750 (2) 0.96 (0.08)
Klasen et al[63], 2013 Siemens Avanto 1.5 SS EPI (6825-6930)/(68-76) 50 (30F, 20M)/55.1 50, 300, 600 O1: 1.053 (0.124)
O2: 1.088 (0.146)
Larsen et al[48], 2013 Philips Achieva 3.0 SS SE EPI, BHI, BHE, RT, FB, FS (1600-2000)/71-72 10 (4F, 6M)/24 0, 150, 500, 750, 1000 b = 0, 750:
BHI: 1.52 (0.11)
BHE: 1.54 (0.1)
FB: 1.44 (0.11)
RT: 1.48 (0.11)
b = 150, 750:
BHI: 0.81 (0.09)
BHE: 0.83 (0.10)
FB: 0.91 (0.08)
RT: 0.92 (0.07)
Penner et al[164], 2013 Philips Intera 1.5 SS SE EPI, RT, SPIR 1648/63 15 (12F, 3M)/44 (11) 0, 50, 800 1.30 (0.11)
Donati et al[56], 2014 (1) Siemens Sonata 1.5 SS SE EPI, FB, FS (5000-6225)/(36-76) 10 (10M)/36.6 (7.7) 0, 1000 (1) LL: 1.207 (0.194)
(2) Siemens Trio 3.0 RL: 1.026 (0.260)
(3) Philips Achieva 1.5 (2) LL: 1.132 (0.250)
(4) Philips Achieva 3.0 RL: 0.966 (0.187)
(5) GE Signa 1.5 (3) LL: 1.349 (0.178)
(6) GE Discovery 3.0 RL: 1.128 (0.127)
(4) LL: 1.097 (0.129)
RL: 1.108 (0.110)
(5) LL: 1.271 (0.133)
RL: 1.151 (0.162)
(6) LL: 1.524 (0.356)
RL: 1.280 (0.372)
Leporq et al[33], 2015 GE Discovery 3.0 SE EPI, RT, FB, No FS 2000/(48-55) 25 (9F, 16M)/27.1 (4.5) 0, 800 RT: 1.65 (0.28)
FB + (TE = 48): 1.63 (0.22)
FB + (TE = 55): 1.57 (0.26)
FB + WA:
1.55 (0.24)
Duran et al[165], 2015 Philips Intera 1.5 SS EPI, FB, SPIR 3448/63 53 (33F, 20M)/50 0, 150, 600 1.52 (0.32)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute IVIM-specific parameters.

1

Range for three diffusion directions;

2

Mean ADC of the three sequences reported in the paper;

3

These authors reported the mean of median ADC values. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; MS: Multi-shot; SE: Spin echo; STEAM: Stimulated echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breath-hold; BHI: Breath-hold end inspiratory; BHE: Breath-hold end expiratory; SPIR: Spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery; FS: Fat suppressed; E: Estimated from the chart; FA: Flip angle; P: Population; V: Visit; PI: Parallel imaging; NPI: No parallel imaging; DTI: Diffusion tensor imaging; WA: Weighted averaging for different b values; LL: Left liver lobe; RL: Right liver lobe.