Figure 1.

Oncolytic NDV/FMW replicates in lung CSC-enriched spheroid cultures. A. H460 and MOR cells cultured as monolayers and spheroids. Cells formed spheroid bodies following 7 days culture in serum-free medium (scale bar = 200 μm). B. Human embryonic stem cell makers, Nanog, SOX2 and Oct4, were up-regulated in spheroid cells (3D) relative to cells grown in culture (2D). All IB experiments were performed twice. C. Tumorigenicity of monolayer and spheroid cells in female BALB/c mice (1 × 10⁴ cells per mouse). Spheroid cells initiated tumors earlier and formed larger xenografts than that observed with monolayer cells. The number of mice in each group was three. D. Monolayer cells and spheroid cells were infected with NDV/FMW (MOI = 0.01) for 48 h and viral titers were determined in DF-1 cells by TCID₅₀ quantification assay. Data presented are mean ± SD calculated from three independent experiments (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001).