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. 2016 Jan 29;6:19544. doi: 10.1038/srep19544

Table 6. Prevalence of Medical Conditions and Symptoms*.

Symptoms N Overall NormalMitochondrialFunction AbnormalMitochondrialFunction
Infectious
 Ear Infections1 28 79% (22/28) 83% (10/12) 75% (12/16)
 Sinusitis1 29 31% (9/29) 23% (3/13) 38% (6/16)
 Throat Infections1 29 14% (4/29) 15% (2/13) 13% (2/16)
 Immune Problem2 30 13% (4/30) 15% (2/13) 12% (2/17)
Allergic
 Asthma2 30 40% (12/30) 46% (6/13) 35% (6/17)
 Allergies1 29 3% (1/29) 8% (1/13) 0% (0/17)
Gastrointestinal problems
 Vomiting1 30 20% (6/30) 23% (3/13) 18% (3/17)
 Gastroesophageal Reflux1 29 35% (10/29) 23% (3/13) 43% (7/16)
 Diarrhea1 30 30% (9/30) 25% (3/12) 33% (6/18)
 Constipation1 30 57% (17/30) 54% (7/13) 59% (10/17)
 Abdominal pain1 25 28% (7/25) 25% (3/12) 31% (4/13)
 Feeding Problems1 31 39% (12/31) 15% (2/13) 56% (10/18)
Growth Problems
 Failure to Thrive2 31 32% (10/31) 15% (2/13) 44% (8/18)
 Short Stature2 30 30% (9/30) 23% (3/13) 35% (6/17)
 Tall Stature2 30 33% (10/30) 46% (6/13) 24% (4/17)
 Obese2 30 20% (6/30) 23% (3/13) 18% (3/17)
 Microcephaly2 30 23% (7/30) 23% (3/13) 24% (4/17)
 Macrocephaly2 29 21% (6/29) 33% (4/12) 12% (2/17)
Constitutional
 Heat Intolerance2 29 76% (22/29) 64% (7/11) 83% (15/18)
 Lack of Sweating2 31 68% (21/31) 69% (9/13) 67% (12/18)
 Exercise Intolerance2 30 53% (16/30) 38% (5/13) 65% (11/17)
 Fatigue2 31 19% (6/31) 8% (1/13) 28% (5/18)
Musculoskeletal
 Weakness1 30 20% (6/30) 15% (2/13) 24% (4/17)
 Bone or Joint Problem2 30 10% (3/30) 15% (2/13) 19% (3/16)
Other Health Problems
 Heart Condition2 30 17% (5/30) 8% (1/13) 24% (4/17)
 Urogenital Problem2 30 33% (10/30) 31% (4/13) 35% (6/17)
 Skin Problem2 28 7% (2/28) 8% (1/13) 18% (3/17)
 Thyroid Problems2 28 7% (2/28) 8% (1/12) 6% (1/16)
 Dental problems1 30 17% (5/30) 15% (2/13) 18% (3/17)
Neurosensory
 Vision Problems1 29 28% (8/29) 25% (3/12) 29% (5/17)
 Hearing Problems1 30 10% (3/30) 15% (2/13) 6% (1/17)
 Headache1 14 14% (2/14) 14% (1/7) 14% (1/7)
 Seizure2 29 48% (14/29) 42% (5/12) 53% (9/17)
 Tics2 29 31% (9/29) 46% (6/13) 19% (3/16)
 Strabismus2 31 26% (8/31) 23% (3/13) 28% (5/18)
Psychiatric Problems
 Bipolar Disorder2 24 8% (2/24) 18% (2/11) 0% (0/13)
 Anxiety Disorder2 24 25% (6/24) 18% (2/11) 31% (4/13)
 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder2 29 38% (11/29) 38% (5/13) 38% (6/16)
 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DO2 30 47% (14/30) 38% (5/13) 53% (9/17)
Regression
 Regression Reported 30 74% (22/30) 71% (10/14) 75% (12/16)
 Loss of Language 21 73% (16/22) 70% (7/10) 75% (9/12)
 Loss of Social Skills 21 45% (10/22) 30% (3/10) 58% (7/12)
 Loss of Gross Motor Skills 21 32% (7/22) 30% (3/10) 33% (4/12)
 Loss of Fine Motor Skills 21 32% (7/22) 10% (1/10) 50% (6/12)
 Proximal Trigger 21 45% (10/22) 30% (3/10) 58% (7/12)
 ASD Regression Typical Age 21 32% (7/22) 30% (3/10) 33% (4/12)
 Mean (SD) Age at Regression (in Months) 21 62 (38) 66 (40) 59 (38)
 Multiple Regressions 21 45% (10/22) 50% (5/10) 42% (5/12)
Vanderbilt Questionnaires
 Attention Problems 30 27% (8/30) 50% (6/12) 11% (2/18)
 Hyperactivity Problems 30 20% (6/30) 33% (4/12) 11% (2/18)
 Oppositional Defiant Disorder 30 10% (3/30) 25% (3/12) 0% (0/18)
 Conduct Disorder 30 0% (0/30) 0% (0/12) 0% (0/18)
 Anxiety Depression 30 0% (0/30) 0% (0/12) 0% (0/18)
Sleep Questionnaire
Amount of Sleep
 Weekday Sleep (Minutes/Night) 30 600 (60) 580 (54) 615 (61)
 Weekend Sleep (Minutes/Night) 30 604 (65) 568 (45) 631 (65)
Sleep Quality
 Good 30 33% (10/30) 36% (4/12) 33% (6/18)
 Mildly Abnormal 30 53% (16/30) 58% (7/12) 50% (9/18)
 Severely Abnormal 30 13% (4/30) 8% (1/12) 17% (/318)
Sleep Component (%Poor)
 Bedtime Resistance 30 7% (2/30) 0% (0/12) 11% (2/18)
 Sleep Onset Delay 30 7% (2/30) 8% (1/12) 6% (1/18)
 Sleep Duration 30 17% (5/30) 17% (2/12) 17% (3/18)
 Sleep Anxiety 30 10% (3/30) 17% (2/12) 6% (1/18)
 Night Waking 30 20% (6/30) 17% (2/12) 22% (4/18)
 Parasomnias 30 33% (10/30) 25% (3/12) 39% (7/18)
 Sleep Disordered Breathing 30 10% (3/30) 17% (2/12) 6% (1/18)
 Daytime Sleepiness 30 7% (2/30) 8% (1/12) 6% (1/18)
Alternative Therapies
Special Diets
 Atkin’s Diet 31 0% (0/31) 0% (0/13) 0% (0/18)
 Casein-Free Diet 32 13% (4/32) 14% (2/14) 9% (2/18)
 Elemental Diet 31 0% (0/31) 0% (0/13) 0% (0/18)
 Gluten-Free Diet 32 13% (4/32) 21% (3/14) 6% (1/18)
 Ketogenic Diet 31 0% (0/31) 0% (0/13) 0% (0/18)
 No Processed Sugar 31 3% (1/31) 8% (1/13) 0% (0/18)
 Specific Carbohydrate Diet 31 0% (0/31) 0% (0/13) 0% (0/18)
Gastrointestinal Therapies
 Digestive enzymes 31 10% (3/31) 8% (1/13) 11% (2/18)
 Probiotic 32 34% (11/32) 36% (5/14) 33% (6/18)
Vitamin Supplementations
 Amino Acids 31 0% (0/31) 0% (0/13) 0% (0/18)
 B12 32 3% (1/32) 7% (1/14) 0% (0/18)
 Carnitine/Acetyl-L-Carnitine 31 7% (2/31) 0% (0/13) 11% (2/18)
 Essential Fatty Acids 31 7% (2/31) 7% (1/13) 6% (1/18)
 Folinic Acid 31 0% (0/31) 0% (0/13) 0% (0/18)
 Glutathione 31 0% (0/31) 0% (0/13) 0% (0/18)
 High-dose B Vitamins 31 7% (2/31) 15% (2/13) 0% (0/18)
 N-Acetyl-cysteine 31 0% (0/31) 0% (0/13) 0% (0/18)
Other Therapies
 Chiropractic 32 6% (2/32) 14% (2/14) 0% (0/18)
 Homeopathy 31 7% (2/31) 15% (2/13) 0% (0/18)

*Questions not included in Table 4 because no positive answers were obtained include congenital heart disease, heart failure, growth hormone deficiency, syncopy, ophthalmoplegia, cerebral palsy, depression and schizophrenia.

1Current or Previous with Moderate or Severe Severity.

2Current or Previous with Any Severity.