Table 1. Anthropometric, biochemical, and food intake data among groups.

Group Time Number	Healthy Subjects	Diabetic Patients	Diabetic Patients
	T0	T0	T1
	n = 5	n = 10	n = 10
Anthropometric and biochemical data
Gender, Men/Women	2/3	4/6	4/6
Age, y	42.3 ± 11.6	44.7 ± 10.7	44.7 ± 10.7
Height, cm	170.3 ± 10.9	161.2 ± 11.2	161.2 ± 11.2
Weight, kg	65.6 ± 14.3	83.5 ± 21.9	82.8 ± 20.6
BMI, kg/m2	22.4 ± 1.9	32.1 ± 8.0*	31.7 ± 7.6
FM, %	21.0 ± 3.5	32.8 ± 9.2*	32.4 ± 8.9
FPG, mg/dL	80.3 ± 9.2	149.3 ± 51.3*	119.0 ± 22.3*
HbA1C, %	6.0 ± 0.4	7.4 ± 1.3	7.4 ± 1.3
SZn, µg/mL	0.76 ± 0.04	0.78 ± 0.07	0.77 ± 0.08
Plasma TNFα, pg/mL	6.73 ± 0.70	9.01 ± 1.82*	8.47 ± 1.61
Plasma IL6, pg/mL	1.7 ± 0.16	2.5 ± 1.1†	2.2 ± 0.4
Food Intake
Energy Intake, kcal/d	-	2080 ± 741	2206 ± 251
Energy Intake, kcal/kg/d	-	26.0 ± 8.4	27.5 ± 4.2
Protein, %	-	22.3 ± 6.6	19.0 ± 0.5
Fat, %	-	27.7 ± 4.7	20.3 ± 0.5*
SFA, %	-	8.9 ± 2.2	5.6 ± 0.3†
PUFA, %	-	3.0 ± 1.3	3.8 ± 0.5
MUFA, %	-	7.5 ± 2.3	6.0 ± 0.2
Carbohydrate,%	-	49.9 ± 6.0	60.7 ± 0.5†
Fiber, g	-	12.1 ± 3.4	36.1 ± 5.5*
Calcium, mg	-	419.9 ± 244	747.1 ± 61.9*
Iron, mg	-	11.6 ± 5.2	14.8 ± 2.8*
Zinc, mg	-	8.8 ± 4.7	11.6 ± 1.9

All values are means ± SD. Statistical tests were performed to compare characteristics of diabetic patients at T0 with those of healthy subjects as well as with those for diabetic patients at T1. Reference values are as follows: FPG < 100 mg/dL (12), HbA1C < 6.5% (16), SZn ≥ 0.74 µg/mL (males) and ≥ 0.70 µg/mL (females) (29), Plasma TNFα < 8.1 pg/mL and Plasma IL6 ≤ 5.9 pg/mL (IMMULITE 1000 Immunoassay System, Siemens, USA).

BMI: body mass index, %FM: percentage of fat mass, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, HbA1C: glycated hemoglobin, SZn: serum zinc, SFA: saturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids.

^*p ≤ 0.05; ^†p < 0.01.