Table 1.
Anti-EV71 effects of extracts from Chinese medicines
| Category | Plant source and reference | Fraction | Anti-EV71 effect | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heat-clearing and detoxifying medicine | Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Yu Xing Cao) [27, 28] | Water extract | Reduces CPE (EC50 125.92 μg/mL, SI 101.65), virus titre, plaque formation (EC50 8.9–20.6 μg/mL, SI above 48), viral RNA production and 3A protein expression, inhibits EV71-induced apoptosis, prevents IκBα degradation, and down-regulates IL-6 | Inhibits viral replication, and proinflammatory response |
| Paris polyphylla Smith (Qi Ye Yi Zhi Hua) [32] | 95 % ethanol extract | Reduces CPE and plaque formation (EC50 78.46–125.00 μg/mL, SI 5.96-9.49), raises IL-6 level | Destroys virus | |
| Kalanchoe gracilis (Deng Long Cao) [36] | Water extract | Reduces CPE and plaque formation (EC50 35.88 μg/mL, SI above 27), and virus yield, inhibits EV71-induced apoptosis, viral 2A protease activity, expression of IL-6 and RANTES, and reduces the viral load in intestine of suckling mice | Inhibits viral protease activity, viral RNA replication, and influences host cell factors | |
| Kalanchoe gracilis (Deng Long Cao) [37] | Ethyl acetate extract | Reduces CPE (EC50 4.21 μg/mL, SI above 97) and plaque formation | Inhibits virus binding | |
| Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill (San Bai Cao) [38] | Water extract | Reduces CPE (EC50 8.9 μg/mL) and virus titre | Inhibits activation of MEK1-ERK signalling pathway | |
| Paulownia tomentosa (Pao Tong) [40] | Methanol extract | Reduces CPE (EC50 65 μg/mL) | Inhibits viral RNA replication | |
| Phyllanthus urinaria (Zhen Zhu Cao) [41] | Ethyl acetate, and butanol extracts | Reduces CPE | ||
| Other Chinese medicine | Salvia miltiorrhiza (Dan Shen) [43] | Water extract | Reduces CPE (EC50 0.742 mg/mL for SA1, 0.585 mg/mL for SA2), plaque formation, viral yield, and EV71-induced apoptosis | Inhibits viral RNA synthesis |
| Puerarla lobata (Ge Gen) [48] | Water extract | Reduces CPE (EC50 0.028 μg/mL, SI 107,000), and decreases IFN production | Inhibits viral attachment and penetration | |
| Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Gan Cao) [50] | Water extract | Reduces CPE (EC50 0.056 μg/mL, SI 5000) | Prevents viral attachment and penetration | |
| Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Trautv (Shan Pu Tao) [51] | Acetone extract | Reduces CPE and plaque formation (EC50 26.11 μg/mL, SI 5.56), and down-regulated IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8 levels | Prevents viral infection, inactivated virus, and inhibited viral replication | |
| Daphne Genkwa Sieb. et Zucc. (Yuan Hua) [59] | Water extract | Reduces CPE (EC50 0.163–0.824 mg/mL, SI 1.752–8.859), virus yield, virus titre | Inhibits viral attachment and penetration | |
| Chinese medicinal formulae | Sheng-Ma-Ge-Gen-Tang [61] | Water extract | Reduces CPE (EC50 0.21 μg/mL, SI above 23809.52) | Inhibits viral attachment and penetration |
| GuiQi Polysaccharides [62] | Water extract precipitated with ethanol | Reduces CPE (EC50 below 31.2 μg/mL) | Inhibits viral adsorption |