Table 3.
Factors associated with sexual partnerships year by year since arrival in France among men (16 804 person-years at risk) (mixed-effects logistic regression models).
| Stable partnership | Casual partnership | Paid sex | Concurrent partnerships | |||||||||
| Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
| % PYRa | OR [95% CI]b | OR [95% CI]c | % PYR | OR [CI95%] | OR [95% CI] | % PYR | OR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | % PYR | OR [95% CI] | OR [CI95%] | |
| Residence permitd | ||||||||||||
| Residence permit (10 years or more) | 77.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 24.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 22.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Temporary residence permit | 64.8 | 0.50**[0.42–0.60] | 0.47**[0.39–0.58] | 30.5 | 1.38**[1.15–1.65] | 1.41**[1.15–1.72] | 4.6 | 1.89**[1.19–2.99] | 1.86*[1.12–3.08] | 20.6 | 0.74**[0.61–0.90] | 0.69**[0.56–0.85] |
| No residence permit | 50.4 | 0.23**[0.19–0.30] | 0.23**[0.18–0.30] | 30.3 | 1.62**[1.29–2.03] | 1.77**[1.37–2.28] | 6.0 | 1.79*[1.05–3.04] | 1.82* [1.03–3.24] | 14.6 | 0.46**[0.36–0.60] | 0.47**[0.35–0.62] |
| Resourcesd | ||||||||||||
| Your own work | 71.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 27.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 3.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 21.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Work of spouse or other family members | 51.1 | 0.38**[0.28–0.51] | 0.56**[0.41–0.78] | 22.0 | 0.65*[0.46–0.93] | 0.53**[0.36–0.76] | 3.8 | 0.95 [0.48–1.88] | 0.58 [0.28–1.21] | 11.6 | 0.62*[0.41–0.93] | 0.65 [0.42–1.01] |
| State allowances | 46.3 | 0.22**[0.16–0.31] | 0.27**[0.19–0.37] | 36.7 | 1.09 [0.80–1.48] | 0.89 [0.65–1.22] | 3.8 | 0.74 [0.36–1.52] | 0.56 [0.27–1.16] | 16.7 | 0.61**[0.43–0.87] | 0.61**[0.43–0.87] |
| No resource | 41.8 | 0.36**[0.22–0.58] | 0.60*[0.37–0.99] | 20.7 | 0.52*[0.31–0.86] | 0.43**[0.25–0.72] | 1.6 | 0.15*[0.03–0.64] | 0.11**[0.02–0.51] | 8.2 | 0.37**[0.20–0.69] | 0.40**[0.21–0.75] |
| Housing situationd | ||||||||||||
| Your own housing | 77.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 24.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 19.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Housed by your family | 48.1 | 0.23**[0.19–0.27] | 0.32**[0.26–0.39] | 31.3 | 1.41**[1.18–1.69] | 1.50**[1.23–1.83] | 4.4 | 1.47 [0.93–2.31] | 1.68*[1.05–2.67] | 16.9 | 0.84 [0.68–1.04] | 1.18 [0.94–1.47] |
| Associations, workers’ hostels | 62.3 | 0.27**[0.21–0.35] | 0.30**[0.23–0.39] | 27.7 | 2.02**[1.57–2.60] | 2.00**[1.53–2.61] | 7.6 | 4.30**[2.58–7.16] | 4.16**[2.46–7.04] | 26.4 | 1.24 [0.94–1.63] | 1.35*[1.02–1.80] |
| No stable housing | 51.6 | 0.31**[0.24–0.40] | 0.36**[0.27–0.47] | 36.2 | 1.70**[1.31–2.21] | 1.67**[1.26–2.22] | 5.9 | 1.57 [0.89–2.78] | 1.80 [1.00–3.25] | 21.5 | 0.94 [0.70–1.26] | 1.12 [0.82–1.53] |
| Main reason for coming to FR | ||||||||||||
| Join a family member | 63.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 29.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 15.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Find work | 68.1 | 1.04 [0.57–1.90] | 0.87 [0.46–1.63] | 24.6 | 0.64 [0.36–1.14] | 0.73 [0.39–1.37] | 4.9 | 2.61 [0.95–7.19] | 1.48 [0.56–3.91] | 21.7 | 1.72 [0.96–3.10] | 2.32**[1.23–4.40] |
| Threatened in your country | 66.8 | 1.16 [0.57–2.35] | 0.92 [0.45–1.89] | 35.0 | 1.37 [0.69–2.68 | 1.47 [0.72–3.02] | 4.0 | 2.48 [0.79–7.82] | 1.60 [0.53–4.86] | 22.5 | 2.08*[1.04–4.15] | 2.71**[1.30–5.65] |
| Study | 67.8 | 0.69 [0.34–1.41] | 0.60 [0.29–1.27] | 30.4 | 1.56 [0.80–3.07] | 1.02 [0.49–2.14] | 1.7 | 0.70 [0.19–2.55] | 0.56 [0.16–1.99] | 17.9 | 1.09 [0.55–2.19] | 1.09 [0.51–2.32] |
| Medical reasons | 66.5 | 1.25 [0.46–3.42] | 0.83 [0.30–2.32] | 26.8 | 0.58 [0.22–1.54] | 0.96 [0.34–2.67] | 4.3 | 1.47 [0.27–8.03] | 1.44 [0.29–7.12] | 19.5 | 1.03 [0.37–2.88] | 1.43 [0.48–4.23] |
| Level of education | ||||||||||||
| None/primary | 69.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 19.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 4.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 22.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Secondary | 63.5 | 0.51**[0.32–0.82] | 0.47**[0.29–0.77] | 30.9 | 4.12**[2.60–6.53] | 4.60**[2.81–7.53] | 4.0 | 0.97 [0.50–1.87] | 1.51 [0.76–2.99] | 18.3 | 1.17 [0.73–1.86] | 1.40 [0.86–2.31] |
| Postsecondary | 68.8 | 0.95 [0.57–1.58] | 0.75 [0.42–1.35] | 31.5 | 3.55**[2.17–5.79] | 3.98**[2.20–7.20] | 2.6 | 0.48 [0.22–1.05] | 1.06 [0.44–2.55] | 20.4 | 1.16 [0.70–1.91] | 1.53 [0.85–2.79] |
| Group | ||||||||||||
| REF GROUP | 67.6 | 1.00 | 28.7 | 1.00 | 3.4 | 1.00 | 20.4 | 1.00 | ||||
| HIV-FR | 70.4 | 0.82 [0.42–1.63] | 33.7 | 3.18**[1.61–6.28] | 3.6 | 1.65 [0.63–4.29] | 26.3 | 2.11*[1.08–4.11] | ||||
| HIV-BFR | 61.7 | 0.41**[0.22–0.76] | 31.7 | 1.93*[1.02–3.65] | 5.5 | 1.72 [0.69–4.28] | 19.5 | 1.10 [0.58–2.09] | ||||
| CHB | 66.7 | 1.09 [0.68–1.75] | 23.7 | 0.85 [0.53–1.37] | 3.2 | 0.78 [0.38–1.60] | 17.0 | 0.75 [0.46–1.21] | ||||
| Time in France (in years) | 1.07**[1.05–1.08] | 0.95**[0.94–0.96] | 0.94**[0.91–0.96] | 1.01 [1.00–1.02] | ||||||||
Note: Model was not performed on transactional sex for men since this was very rare. CHB, chronic hepatitis B; CI, confidence interval; HIV-BFR, HIV acquired before migration; HIV-FR, HIV acquired in France; REF GROUP, reference group.
aPercentage of person-years at risk.
bOdds ratio adjusted for study group and time.
cOdds ratio adjusted for study group, time, age, period at arrival, level of education, main reason for coming in France, housing situation, resources, residence permit.
dTime-varying variables.
*P < 0.05.
**P < 0.01.