Figure 1: Schematic Overview of Potential Therapeutic Interventions Modulating miRNAs Involved in AF Pathophysiology.

APD = action potential duration; DAD = delayed afterdepolarisation; ECM = extracellular matrix; LNA = locked nucleic acid; miRNA = microRNA; SR = sarcoplasmatic reticulum. Figure shows key aspects of structural and electrical remodelling resulting in ectopy and reentry and ultimately leading to a vicious circle of ‘AF begets AF’. Syringes illustrate miRNAs that were targeted in vivo by antagomiRs, LNAs, miRNA sponges/erasers, miR-masks or miRNA mimics.