TGFβ transcriptionally mediates autophagy in an E2F1-dependent manner.
A, HuH7, HepG2, and H1299 cells were stimulated with TGFβ as indicated, and mRNA levels for the specified autophagy genes were measured by real time qPCR analysis. The results are normalized to GAPDH and shown relative to levels observed in untreated cells (set to 1). The data are represented as means ± S.D. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. B, HuH7 cells were stimulated with TGFβ as indicated, and mRNA levels for Bcl-2 gene were measured by real time qPCR analysis. The results are normalized to GAPDH and shown relative to levels observed in untreated cells (set to 1). The data are represented as means ± S.D. *, p < 0.05.