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. 2015 Dec 8;291(5):2181–2195. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M115.676510

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4.

AA plays a non-metabolic role in ERK activation and muscle cell proliferation. a, cell proliferation was analyzed in Oxct1-knockdown C2C12 cells treated with 5 mm AA or PBS for 24 h. The efficiency of Oxct1 knockdown was examined by Western blotting. b, proliferation of HepG2 cells treated with PBS or AA (5 mm) was analyzed by FACS. c, SCOT catalytic activity was measured in the C2C12 cells treated with different dosages of AA (0, 1, 3, and 5 mm) for 24 h. d, cell proliferation was analyzed in C2C12 cells treated with 5 mm AA or succinate for 24 h. e, normalized Cyto-c, β-ATP synthase, and TFAM mRNA levels in C2C12 cells treated with 5 mm AA or 3HB for 6 or 24 h were determined by quantitative RT-PCR. f, normalized phosphofructokinase I (PFK1) and hexokinase II (HK2) mRNA levels in C2C12 cells treated with 5 mm AA or 3HB for 6 or 24 h were determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Lactate concentration in cell media was measured using a commercial kit. Similar results were obtained in three separate experiments. Data are presented as means ± S.E. (error bars; *, p < 0.05). NS, not significant.