TABLE 4.

Association Between ACEs and Teacher-Reported Emergent Literacy Skills

Outcome	No. of ACE Exposures	Sample Sizea	Prevalence, %	OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)b
Teacher rating of emergent literacy skills
Not yet or beginning to understand and interpret a story or other text read to him/her	0	449	12.9	Referent	Referent
	1	271	18.8	1.6 (1.04–2.4)	1.4 (0.9–2.2)
	2	153	20.9	1.8 (1.1–2.9)	1.5 (0.9–2.5)
	≥3	121	26.5	2.4 (1.5–4.0)	2.2 (1.3–3.7)
	Total	994	17.4	—
Not yet or beginning to easily and quickly name all upper- and lower-case letters	0	448	7.6	Referent	Referent
	1	273	10.3	1.4 (0.8–2.4)	1.2 (0.7–2.0)
	2	157	12.7	1.8 (0.99–3.2)	1.4 (0.7–2.6)
	≥3	123	17.9	2.7 (1.5–4.7)	2.1 (1.1–3.9)
	Total	1001	10.4
Not yet or beginning to read simple books independently	0	446	22.7	Referent	Referent
	1	271	26.9	1.3 (0.9–1.8)	1.1 (0.8–1.6)
	2	155	27.7	1.3 (0.9–2.0)	1.1 (0.7–1.7)
	≥3	120	33.3	1.7 (1.1–2.7)	1.4 (0.8–2.2)
	Total	992	25.9	—
Not yet or beginning to demonstrate understanding of some of the conventions of print	0	447	18.3	Referent	Referent
	1	272	22.8	1.3 (0.9–1.9)	1.1 (0.8–1.7)
	2	157	26.1	1.6 (1.02–2.4)	1.4 (0.9–2.1)
	≥3	122	34.4	2.3 (1.5–3.6)	2.0 (1.2–3.1)
	Total	998	22.8	—	Referent

^aSample sizes not equal because of missing data.

^bAdjusted for child age, gender, race, ethnicity, and income, as well as maternal education and parent relationship status at birth of child.