Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics

	Year	Mean	Median	10% Quantile	90% Quantile	Standard Deviation	Moran’s I
Childhood Poverty (children living in poverty over total number of children)
	1990	0.214	0.193	0.101	0.355	0.104	0.620
	2000	0.184	0.168	0.084	0.303	0.090	0.604
	2008	0.214	0.205	0.101	0.340	0.098	0.473
Female-Headed Households (female headed family households over total family households)
	1990	0.172	0.160	0.102	0.255	0.067	0.519
	2000	0.205	0.191	0.130	0.297	0.072	0.533
	2008	0.239	0.229	0.146	0.346	0.086	0.454
Unemployment (unemployed population16+ over total workforce 16+)
	1990	0.066	0.062	0.033	0.106	0.031	0.541
	2000	0.058	0.053	0.030	0.089	0.027	0.418
	2008	0.075	0.073	0.037	0.115	0.033	0.520
Less than High School Education (individuals 25+ with less than high school education over all individuals 25+)
	1990	0.305	0.287	0.182	0.447	0.103	0.686
	2000	0.227	0.209	0.127	0.349	0.087	0.658
	2008	0.170	0.155	0.087	0.271	0.073	0.616
Extractive (individuals employed in an extractive industry [e.g. mining or farming] over workforce)
	1990	0.104	0.071	0.019	0.244	0.096	0.625
	2000	0.072	0.047	0.009	0.175	0.076	0.619
	2008	0.069	0.043	0.007	0.176	0.076	0.603
Manufacturing (individuals employed in manufacturing industry over workforce)
	1990	0.254	0.244	0.116	0.401	0.107	0.724
	2000	0.236	0.231	0.116	0.362	0.092	0.693
	2008	0.207	0.204	0.117	0.306	0.073	0.576
Trade (individuals employed in trade industry over workforce)
	1990	0.196	0.197	0.152	0.240	0.035	0.167
	2000	0.145	0.146	0.115	0.174	0.025	0.196
	2008	0.141	0.142	0.107	0.171	0.028	0.143
Service (individuals employed in service industry over workforce)
	1990	0.445	0.440	0.348	0.553	0.080	0.438
	2000	0.546	0.542	0.444	0.657	0.083	0.462
	2008	0.583	0.580	0.486	0.686	0.079	0.372
African American/Black (black individuals over total individuals)
	1990	0.086	0.015	0.000	0.307	0.143	0.803
	2000	0.088	0.017	0.001	0.307	0.145	0.789
	2008	0.089	0.020	0.001	0.305	0.147	0.784
Hispanic/Latino (Hispanic individuals over total individuals)
	1990	0.045	0.008	0.003	0.110	0.111	0.856
	2000	0.062	0.018	0.006	0.159	0.121	0.822
	2008	0.079	0.030	0.008	0.201	0.129	0.798

Source: 1990 U.S. Census, 2000 U.S. Census, 2006–2010 ACS. N = 3,104