Table 3.
PLM Model Parameter Estimates (Std. Errors)
| I (Without inclusion of spatially lagged independent variables) | II (With inclusion of spatially lagged independent variables) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployment | 0.669 (0.027) | *** | 0.373 (0.032) | *** |
| Female-Headed Household | 0.325 (0.018) | *** | 0.290 (0.018) | *** |
| Less than High School Education | 0.195 (0.015) | *** | 0.280 (0.024) | *** |
| Extractive Industry | 0.195 (0.023) | *** | 0.111 (0.027) | *** |
| Manufacturing Industry | −0.155 (0.018) | *** | −0.060 (0.022) | ** |
| Trade Industry | 0.166 (0.020) | *** | 0.055 (0.028) | * |
| Service Industry | --- | --- | ||
| African American/Black | 0.005 (0.034) | −0.022 (0.033) | ||
| Hispanic/Latino | 0.172 (0.021) | *** | 0.076 (0.024) | ** |
| Lag of Unemployment | --- | 0.195 (0.052) | *** | |
| Lag of Less than High School Education | --- | 0.118 (0.034) | *** | |
| Lag of Extractive | --- | −0.158 (0.050) | ** | |
| Lag of Manufacturing | --- | −0.314 (0.036) | *** | |
| Lag of Trade | --- | 0.011 (0.058) | ||
| Lag of Service | --- | --- | ||
| 1990 | --- | --- | ||
| 2000 | −0.003 (0.048) | −0.009 (0.005) | + | |
| 2008 | 0.005 (0.068) | 0.012 (0.007) | + | |
| Spatial Error Parameter | ||||
| Pseudo-R2 | 0.895 | 0.902 | ||
| N=9312 | ||||
In each instance, “Lag” refers to a spatial lag computed using a row-standardized 1st-order Queen spatial weights matrix. Significance codes: ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘+’ 0.1