| Cushing syndrome or prolonged steroid use |
| Excessive alcohol use: > 533 mL (18 fl oz) of beer, > 207 mL (7 fl oz) of wine, or > 59 mL (2 fl oz) of spirits per day Smoking |
| Primary or secondary hypogonadism |
| Family history of fracture with trivial trauma |
| Chronic liver or kidney disease |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/ankylosing spondylitis |
| Malabsorption syndromes |
| Type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| Human immunodeficiency virus |
| Organ transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy |
| Antiepileptic drugs |
| Low body mass index |
1
Ebeling PR. Clinical practice. Osteoporosis in men. N Engl J Med 2008 Apr 3;358(14):1474–82. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp0707217.